Chapter One

Question 1

Applied Anthropology

Answer 1

Uses anthro knowledge to solve real world problems

Question 2

Archaeology

Answer 2

Studies the material remains of past cultures; they want to determine, explain, and understand the past.

Question 3

Biological Anthro

Answer 3

Focuses on understanding human beings as biological organisms
- Studies physical remains of humans and pre-human ancestors.

Question 4

Cultural Relativism (and who?)

Answer 4

Understanding a culture within its own terms
All dimensions of culture are interrelated and interconnected
-Franz Boas

Question 5

Cultural Resource Management [CRM]

Answer 5

Investigates whether or not there are archaeo materials in an area of land that will develop
- Employed by state and local agencies

Question 6

Culture

Answer 6

Involves the beliefs, behaviors, and symbols shared by members of a group.

• Always changing
• A process

Question 7

Culture Bound Syndromes

Answer 7

Illnesses which are culturally specific

• Susto ~ fright illness, soul loss after a traumatic event. Latin America

Question 8

Culture Shock

Answer 8

Stress and frustration of being in a culture that is very different from one’s own.
- Extremely intense and disorienting experience

Question 9

Descriptive Linguistics

Answer 9

Sounds that make up different languages and how humans articulate speech sounds.

• We can make 100, but most only use 20-30

Question 10

Enculturation

Answer 10

The process of learning the norms and values central to one’s culture at birth.

Question 11

Ethnobotany

Answer 11

Concern with understanding the relationship between people and plants.
- Medical Anthro

Question 12

Ethnography

Answer 12

Written holistic account of a culture

Question 13

Ethnology

Answer 13

Comparing and analyzing the similarities and differences among cultures through patterns.

Question 14

Ethnohistory

Answer 14

Examination of documents in order to gain historical insight of cultures
- Colonial records; migration patterns

Question 15

Fieldwork

Answer 15

Participant Observation

- Living in another culture, learning their language, and trying to understand life from their point of view.

Question 16

Four main fields

Answer 16

Cultural, Biological, Archaeo, and linguistics

Question 17

First Anthropologists

Answer 17

Did not conduct fieldwork; drew conclusions from 2nd hand info via travelers
“Armchair Anthro’s”

Question 18

Historical Linguistics

Answer 18

Study of historical origins of human language, its changes over time, and ways they are related to each other.

Question 19

Holistic Perspective

Answer 19

Considers all aspects of being human, from biology to culture.

Question 20

Holophrastic

Answer 20

Lacking grammar and syntax

Question 21

Kinship System

Answer 21

Defines the social roles of relatedness among group members.

• Marriage rules
• Rules for appropriate behaviors among members dependent on their relationship to each other.

Question 22

Relationship between language and culture

Answer 22

Broad range of cultural info

Key to enculturation process

Question 23

Medical Anthro

Answer 23

Bridges biological and cultural

Closely linked to studies of religino

Question 24

Organic Analogy

Question 25

Paleoanthropologists

Answer 25

Study ancient human skeletal and dental remains

Question 26

Participant-observation

Answer 26

Living in another culture, learning their language, and trying to understand life from their point of view - Fieldwork

Question 27

Primatologists

Answer 27

Gain insight into human experiences by studying the closest relatives of human beings - Apes, Monkeys, Prosimians

Question 28

Reflexivity

Answer 28

How the process of studying others can provide insights into ourselves

Question 29

Cultural Anthro

Answer 29

A social science that explores the diversity of human experience. - Investigates what it means to be human through time and across the world

Question 30

Early Advocate for participant observation

Answer 30

Bronislow Malinowski

Question 31

What makes anthro different from other social sciences?

Answer 31

Fieldwork and Observation

Question 32

Life History Approach

Answer 32

Follows the experiences of one individual throughout his or her life to understand a person's experiences in the context of the larger society.

Question 33

Fundamental Approach

Answer 33

Understanding other cultures in their own contexts rather than solely thru the lens of our own cultural experience.

Question 34

Three primary divisions of Archaeo

Answer 34

Prehistoric Historical CRM - Cultural Resource Management

Question 35

DNA Analysis

Answer 35

Reconstructs the human evolutionary record and trace migrations of people in the distant past

Question 36

Sociolinguistics

Answer 36

Studies the relationship between language and culture | - Varies with social categories such as age, sex, class, and occupation

Question 37

Dilemma of Educational Anthro

Answer 37

Literacy concerns; can't talk, no written lang and can't advocates for their rights. New lang = risk of losing valuable aspects of indigenous culture

Question 38

5 Characteristics of Culture

Answer 38

Shared, Learned, Symbolic, Integrated, & always changing.

Question 39

Causes of Cultural Change

Answer 39

``` Ecological Technological Sociopolitical Ideological Contact with other culture ```

Question 40

Model of Reality

Answer 40

Our cultural beliefs influence how we perceive and interpret the world in subtle ways

Question 41

6 Cultural Universals

Answer 41

- Economic Systems - Technological Systems - Kinship Systems - Childcare and Enculturations - Social Control Systems - Religious Systems

Question 42

Society

Answer 42

Rules of organization that structure those relationships of a group of people

Question 43

Subcultures

Answer 43

Cultural variants within the same society

Question 44

Ethnocentrism

Answer 44

Judging another culture based on values of one's own culture | Dangers: Exploitation; Holocaust, Darfur Genocide