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Chapter Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptation

A

The behavior and ecology of modern primates result from complex adaptations that occurred over millions of years

The behaviors we see today in living primates are adaptations to the ecological systems in which these primates live and are still subject to change as primates adapt to changing circumstances such as loss of habitat. Some examples of critical adaptations found in modern humans include: bipedalism, opposable thumbs and grasping hands, the use of tools and tool making, language, participation in complex social networks, and group level cooperation.

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2
Q

Anthropoidea

A
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3
Q

Arboreal

A

Living in tress

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4
Q

Acheulean Hand Ax

A
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5
Q

Australopithecus

A

Olduwan Tools
Ape-like skulls
Bi-pedal
Shorter than modern humans

Half a dozen types of australopithecus
- Some look more human like
- Some look more ape like

Can’t extract DNA so we don’t know

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6
Q

Behavioral Ecology

A

Studies the complex interactions and the evolution of behavior

Relies in the base assumption that all the biological elements of ecological systems evolved in tandem

Bipedalism
making/using tools
language
participation in social org
group coop

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7
Q

Biocultural Evolution

A
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8
Q

Biological Anthro

A

Anthropologists who study the origins of humanity and human biology within an evolutionary framework are generally trained in Bio Anth.
- Adds a lot to our understanding of what it means to be human

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9
Q

Cheek Flange

A
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10
Q

Cheek Pouch

A
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11
Q

Clade, Cladistic Classification

A

Refers to the actual genetic and evolutionary relationship among organisms.

Biological classification system, based off of genes and shared traits?

This distinction is important because while in common speech, we consider gorillas and chimpanzees to be “apes,” (gradistic classification), genetically, human beings are more closely related to chimpanzees than chimpanzees are to gorillas (cladistics classification).

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12
Q

Complex Foraging

A

Difficult ways of food collection and hunting, we can make informed assumptions about social learning.

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13
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1859 On the Origin of Species
Every species has its own unique set of characteristics that are adaptation to particular habitats and lifestyles.

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14
Q

Dental Comb

A
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15
Q

Denisovans

A
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16
Q

Diurnal

A

Active in the day, and sleep at night

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17
Q

Egalitarian

A
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18
Q

Evolution

A

Refers to a shift in the genetic structure of a population over time.
- Process by which all lifeforms adapt physically and behaviorally to their environments

Process of a populations genetic changes over time

Not goal oriented; not always have superior ppl or groups

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19
Q

Grade, Gradistic Classification

A

Grouped together because their general overall appearance and behaviors are similar

Physical traits.

This distinction is important because while in common speech, we consider gorillas and chimpanzees to be “apes,” (gradistic classification), genetically, human beings are more closely related to chimpanzees than chimpanzees are to gorillas (cladistics classification).

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20
Q

Grooming Claw

A
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21
Q

Holocene

A
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22
Q

Hominin

A

Found first evidence of the first hominins (humans’ ancestors) about 5 mya near the end of Miocene
\
pliocene

exploited foods from savannah and woodlands

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23
Q

Hominids

A

All modern and extinct great apes
chimps gorilla organtutangs humans immiediate ancestors

Relatives to humans that are closer than chimps
2m,=ya

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24
Q

Hominoids, Hominoidea

A

20 mya (Miocene) (or apes)

Monkey like features, lacking tail? fossil specimen
Proconsulidae: Ranges widely in body size

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25
Homo Erectus
Pioneers of human culture and expanded their geographic range of population to the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia. Invented new tool technologies, first to use fire, and by half a mya expanded out of Africa into the temperate zones of Asia and Europe Shared hand ax Appears in the fossil record btwn 1.8 and 1 mya Capable of sophisticated comms about tool making. Contemporaries of Homo Habilis
26
Homo Ergaster
The first of our ancestors to look more like modern humans, generally tall and slender relatively hairless. 1.5 - 1.9 mya
27
Homo Habilis
Found by Leakey's in Olduvai Gorge. believed to be the earilest members of the Genus Homo and were the makers of Oldowan tools Handy Man Lived btwn 2.3 - 1.4 mya
28
Homo Heidelbergensis
29
Homo Naledi
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Homo sapiens
350k definitively human beings We diverged from our primate ancestors around 6-8mya in the Miocene. Denisovans + Neanderthals Characteristics: bipedalism front facing eyes larger brain relative to body size long juvenile period teeth and jaw muscles wide denture, thicker molar culture adaptation
31
Hunter-gatherers
32
Ischial Callosity
33
Lithics
34
Long call
35
Knuckle-walking
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Miocene
One of the most critical periods in the history of primates 20mya First apes recorded in fossil records
37
Natural Selection
(and genetics) the influence the evolution of behaviors, just as an organism's appearance may be affected in the process of evolution.
38
Neanderthal
Disappeared roughly 30k years ago Paintings on caves. ritual in art, Glombbos Caves SAfrica (ocre paint, nonrepresentational art), France Decorate personal objects, themselves, shelters
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Neolithic Selection
40
Nocturnal
Active during night, sleep during day
41
Olduvai Gorge
42
Olduwan Tools
Hominins 3.3 mya Mass production of stone tools Flakes, scrappers, cores, hammer stones, debris VIP
43
On the Origin of Species
1859 Darwin Every species has its own unique set of characteristics that are adaptation to particular habitats and lifestyles.
44
Osteological
45
Paleoanthropologists
Study of fossil remains of primates, and other types of humans. More recently: Genetics Fossil evidence, bones, foot prints, tools, arifacts
46
Pleistocene
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Primates
An order of placental mammals of 190-400 species. Two Suborders: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini Apes (L: Gibbons G: Chimps), Prosimians (Lemurs/Lorises), Old World Monkeys (Baboons), New World Monkeys (Howler Monkeys), Humans
48
Primate Conservation
A pressing issue as almost half of all primate species are threatened by extinction IUCN
49
Primatologists
Study of Primates
50
Why are we interested in studying Primates?
Apes: Very close to humans, we can learn a lot about ourselves thru them
51
Quadrumanous Climbing
Use all 4 legs/arms to climb, only releasing one at a time to move (Orangutan - Great Ape)
52
Sexual Dimorphism
53
Social Organization
Primates are social! Used to describe the variations that may be formed during group cooperation A groups social org guide individual interactions and social relationships within the group. There are five basic forms of social organization among primates. They are: solitary, pairs, multiple males/one female, one male/multiple females, and multiple males and females.
54
Subsistence
Neolithic Rev area?
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Terrestrial
Walking on ground
56
Tool-using behavior
57
Who is the closest living relative to Modern Humans?
Humans and Chimps share of 98% of the same DNA. Even than goriilas to chimps
58
General Primate Traits
- Erect upper body posture - Nails > Claws - Flexible generalized limb structure - Prehensile hands/opposable thumbs - Enhanced reliance on vision, poor smell - Our eyes on forward facing - Generalized omnivourous diet - Relatively large complex brains - Characteristics that related to maturation, learning, and behavior. - Longer naturation periods (Mostly Humans but primates in general) Section 2
59
Old World Monkeys
Africa & Asia Have buttpads All diurnal Both Arboreal and Terrestrial
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New World Monkeys
Central and South America All arboreal All but owl monkey are dinural Prehensile Tail - another appendage for them
61
Greater Apes
Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimps, Bonobos Knuckle walking, except orangutan - quadrumanous climbing
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Lesser Apes
Gibbons, Siamangs Relatively smaller size -arms loner than legs - No sexual dimorphism - Long term relationships -Brachiators
63
Human Evolution
Come from Africa 8-10mya start seeing division into modern humans and apes There are multiple types of humans, but we are the other survivors
64
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondria as some point joined with Symbiotic relation with human cells Mutation very very slowly Only passed through mothers - Almost identical mDNA Our common female ancestor dates to about 150k ya One strain of mDNA survived out of thousands, modern humans are all literally related (distantly but still)
65
First Representation of art
39k ya In walls of caves
66
Holocene
Hunter-Gatherer populations grow and spread out of their African homeland across the globe 12k ya
67
Neolithic Revolution
Humans around the world adapted to environmental change, we see humans across globe begin to domesticate plants and animals Influence: Climate Population Effected: Farming, Permanently Settlements From egalitarian to social structures are prominent in the daily lives of all society members

Cultural Anth (8 decks)

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