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Gst 101 > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two most basic units of grammar?

A

The word and the sentence

According to Huddleston, R. (1988:1), these units are fundamental to the study of grammar.

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2
Q

What does morphology deal with?

A

Forms of words

Morphology is a subcomponent of grammar.

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3
Q

What does syntax deal with?

A

The way words combine to form sentences

Syntax is another subcomponent of grammar.

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4
Q

How can a word be defined?

A

A unit that is assigned to a specific class

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5
Q

Under what two broad areas are words studied in the English Language?

A

Lexis and vocabulary

Although these concepts are closely related, they have distinct meanings.

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6
Q

What does vocabulary refer to?

A

Words and their precise dictionary meanings

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7
Q

What is lexis?

A

A broader concept that refers to words and their various connections and collocations

This includes synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, idioms, and figurative usages.

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8
Q

What are the three ways a word can be divided based on context?

A

Spoken and written word, word forms and lexeme, lexical and grammatical words

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9
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10
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11
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12
Q

What are the two major divisions of English words?

A

They are divided into spoken and written forms.

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13
Q

What does the spoken form of a word involve?

A

Pronunciation of words.

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14
Q

What does the written form of a word refer to?

A

The orthographic version or spelling of a word.

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15
Q

What are homographs?

A

Words that are spelled the same way but have different pronunciations.

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16
Q

Provide an example of a homograph.

A

The word ‘refuse’ can be pronounced as /rifju:z/ (verb) meaning to decline or /refjus/ (noun) meaning rubbish.

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17
Q

What are homophones?

A

Words that are pronounced the same way but have different spellings and meanings.

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18
Q

What are homonyms?

A

Words that have a single spelling and pronunciation but occur with more than one meaning.

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19
Q

Provide an example of a homonym.

A

The word ‘bank’ has multiple meanings: a financial institution, the side of a river, and a row of keys on a keyboard.

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20
Q

What does ‘homo’ mean in Greek?

A

‘Homo’ means ‘the same’.

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21
Q

What does ‘homograph’ mean?

A

‘Homograph’ means the same letter.

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22
Q

What does ‘homophone’ mean?

A

‘Homophone’ means the same sound.

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23
Q

What does ‘homonym’ mean?

A

‘Homonym’ means the same name.

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24
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25
What are word forms?
Word forms can simply be defined as variant forms of a word.
26
What is a lexeme?
The lexeme is the head word or dictionary entry of a word. It is also known as the base of a word.
27
What is the difference between word forms and lexemes?
Word forms are variants of a word, while a lexeme is the base form or dictionary entry.
28
What are the word forms of the noun 'boy'?
The word forms of 'boy' are: boy, boy's, boys, boys'.
29
What are the word forms of the verb 'sew'?
The word forms of 'sew' are: sew, sews, sewing, sewed, sewn.
30
What are the word forms of the adjective 'fat'?
The word forms of 'fat' are: fat, fatter, fattest.
31
How many word forms does the noun 'boy' have?
The noun 'boy' has four word forms.
32
How many word forms does the verb 'sew' have?
The verb 'sew' has five word forms.
33
How many word forms does the adjective 'fat' have?
The adjective 'fat' has three word forms.
34
What are the base forms (lexemes) of the examples given?
The base forms (lexemes) are: boy, sew, and fat.
35
What are the inflectional forms of the noun 'boy'?
The inflectional forms are: boy (singular common), boy's (singular possessive), boys (plural common), boys' (plural possessive).
36
How are the word forms of 'boy' distinguished?
The last three forms are distinguished in their spelling and not in their pronunciation.
37
Are the four word forms for 'boy' regarded as the same word?
Yes, they are regarded as the same word in terms of essential meaning.
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What is the distinction between lexical and grammatical words?
Lexical words belong to large classes including nouns, adjectives, most verbs, and adverbs, while grammatical words have a small and stable membership including pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and auxiliary verbs.
40
What are lexical words?
Lexical words are open class items that can continually have new members coined or invented.
41
What are grammatical words?
Grammatical words are closed class items with a membership that changes very slowly over time.
42
What branch of Linguistics studies words?
Words are studied under a branch of Linguistics called morphology.
43
What are the principal parts of a word in English?
The principal parts of a word are prefix, root, and suffix.
44
What is the root of a word?
The root is the core part of a word, also known as the free morpheme, which can stand alone as a word.
45
What are affixes?
Affixes are the parts of a word that are added to the root; the part before the root is the prefix, and the part after is the suffix.
46
What is an example of a prefix?
Examples of prefixes include 'in-' and 're-'.
47
What are examples of roots?
Examples of roots include 'the', 'not', 'educate', and 'take'.
48
What is an example of a derived word?
An example of a derived word is 'in-take' from the base 'take' and 're-educate' from the base 'educate'.
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What are examples of base plus suffix?
Base: Educate, Grind ## Footnote Suffix: -ion, -ing
51
What is a compound word?
A compound word is formed by combining two bases. ## Footnote Examples: Headmaster, Blackboard
52
How is vocabulary defined?
Vocabulary can be defined as words and their precise dictionary meanings.
53
What is denotation?
Denotation is the literal meaning of a word and is always neutral in meaning.
54
What is connotation?
Connotation is the associative meaning of a word, which can be positive or negative.
55
How do connotations vary?
Connotations can vary from country to country.
56
What does Ebele (1990:2) define as register?
Register is defined as common vocabulary items associated with various fields of human activity.
57
What are examples of the register of building?
Examples include: concrete pillar, foreman, bricklayer, scaffolding, plasterer, painter.
58
What are examples of the register of football?
Examples include: grounder, equalizer, banana shot, to parry the ball, ball jugglers, to contain an attack.
59
What are examples of the register of bank?
Examples include: a crossed cheque, an open cheque, a bounced cheque, a deposit account, to be on the red.
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61
What are synonyms?
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. Examples include 'battle' and 'conflict', 'wealthy' and 'rich'. ## Footnote 'Battle' refers to armed hostility on a large scale between nations, while 'conflict' is hostility on a smaller scale between individuals or organizations.
62
What is the subtle difference between 'wealthy' and 'rich'?
'Wealthy' refers to a position of personal affluence and is used only for humans, while 'rich' can describe both humans and inanimate objects. ## Footnote For example, we say 'rich soil' but not 'wealthy soil'.
63
What are antonyms?
Antonyms are pairs of words that are opposite in meaning. There are no perfect antonyms. ## Footnote Ejioku (1990:73) states that antonyms can be formed through various processes.
64
What is suffix addition in antonyms?
Suffix addition involves adding one or more syllables after the root word. ## Footnote Examples include 'harmless' (harm + -less) and 'baseless' (base + -less).
65
What is the prefix method in antonyms?
The prefix method involves adding a prefix to the root word to create an antonym. ## Footnote Examples include 'unable' (un- + able) and 'disbelieve' (dis- + believe).
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What is an idiom?
An idiom is a combination of words whose meaning is quite different from that of each of the individual words that form the combination.
68
What is collocation?
A combination of words in English.
69
What are the two types of collocation?
Fixed and unfixed.
70
What is a major attribute of fixed collocation?
The order of occurrence of words is unchangeable and unalterable.
71
What does adding the meaning of various component parts do to an idiom?
It does not give the meaning of the idiom.
72
Give an example of an idiom.
Take the bull by the horns.
73
What is the structure of a clause?
A clause consists of a subject NP and a VP.
74
What is a finite clause?
A clause that contains a finite verb which is always a tense carrying verb.
75
Give an example of a finite clause.
Who came here yesterday?
76
What are the two types of clauses?
Main clause (independent clause) and subordinate clause (dependent clause).
77
What is a main clause?
A clause that can stand alone and always has a subject and a verb as its obligatory elements.
78
What is a subordinate clause?
A clause that cannot stand on its own and does not have a subject.
79
What do subordinate clauses begin with?
A group of words known as subordinators.
80
What are the three main types of finite subordinate clauses?
Relative clause, noun or nominal clause.
81
Give an example of a relative clause.
Who came yesterday.
82
Give an example of a noun or nominal clause.
That he jumped over the fence.
83

Gst 101 (1 decks)

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