Chapter One

Question 1

A muscle shortens or lengthens because the actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, without the filaments themselves changing lengths

Answer 1

Sliding Filament theory

Question 2

The basic functional and contractile unit of skeletal muscle is

Answer 2

the sarcomere

Question 3

Muscle always attempt to ____ when stimulated

Answer 3

shorten

Question 4

All fibers of a single motor unit are the same muscle fiber types.

Answer 4

All fibers of a single motor unit are the same muscle fiber types.

Question 5

_______ increases bone mass and strength and may decrease the likelihood of developing osteoporosis

Answer 5

Resistance training

Question 6

Connective tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle

Answer 6

Epimysium

Question 7

Each muscle fiber has __ neuromuscular junctions

Answer 7

1

Question 8

The branch of the nervous system that is responsible for activating skeletal muscle

Answer 8

somatic

Question 9

The division of the skeleton that contains the skull and vertebral column

Answer 9

Axial Skeleton

Question 10

The connective tissues that connects muscle to bone

Answer 10

tendon

Question 11

The three types of muscle tissue are: ________, ________, and ________.


Answer 11

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

Question 12

Skeletal muscle is surrounded by ________, and is divided into bundles called ________.

Answer 12

Epimysium, Fasciculi (or Fascicles)

Question 13

Each fasciculus is surrounded by ________, while each muscle fiber is wrapped in ________.

Answer 13

Perimysium, Endomysium

Question 14

The connective tissues (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium) transmit force to bones via ________.


Answer 14

Tendons

Question 15

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the ________.

Answer 15

Sarcolemma

Question 16

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell is called the ________, which contains ATP, glycogen, and fat droplets.

Answer 16

Sarcoplasm

Question 17

The ________ stores calcium and helps regulate muscle action.

Answer 17

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 18

The invaginations of the sarcolemma that transmit action potentials are called ________.

Answer 18

T-tubules

Question 19

The contractile units within muscle fibers are called ________.

Answer 19

Myofibrils

Question 20

Myofibrils contain myofilaments, which are the proteins ________ (thin) and ________ (thick).

Answer 20

Actin, Myosin

Question 21

A sarcomere is the basic unit of contraction and extends from one ________ to the next.

Answer 21

Z-line

Question 22

The protein ________ helps align myosin filaments, while ________ ensures proper actin length.

Answer 22

Titin, Nebulin

Question 23

________ and ________ are regulatory proteins controlling the actin-myosin interaction.

Answer 23

Troponin, Tropomyosin

Question 24

Osteoblasts are cells that ________ bone, while osteoclasts ________ bone.

Answer 24

Build, Break down

Question 25

The law that states bone adapts to the stress placed on it is called ________ Law.

Answer 25

Wolff’s

Question 26

Cortical bone is ________ and dense, while cancellous bone is ________ and spongy.

Answer 26

Hard, Light

Question 27

The two major divisions of the skeleton are the ________ and the ________ skeleton.

Answer 27

Axial, Appendicular

Question 28

The Golgi tendon organ protects muscle by sensing ________.

Answer 28

tension

Question 29

Muscle spindles detect ________ in muscle length.

Answer 29

changes

Question 30

A motor unit consists of a ________ and all the muscle fibers it innervates.


Answer 30

motor neurons

Question 31

The ________ principle states that smaller motor units (Type I) are recruited first.

Answer 31

size

Question 32

The basic unit of the nervous system is the ________.


Answer 32

neuron

Question 33

The sympathetic nervous system supports the ________ response.

Answer 33

Fight-or-flight

Question 34

Sensory neurons are also known as ________ neurons.

Answer 34

Afferent

Question 35

Motor neurons are also known as ________ neurons.

Answer 35

Efferent

Question 36

The central nervous system includes the ________ and ________.

Answer 36

Brain, Spinal cord

Question 37

Type I fibers are also called ________ fibers, and are fatigue resistant.

Answer 37

Slow oxidative (SO)

Question 38

Type IIa fibers are ________, while Type IIx fibers are primarily ________.

Answer 38

Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG), Fast glycolytic (FG)

Question 39

The oxygen-binding protein found in oxidative fibers is ________.


Answer 39

Myoglobin

Question 40

DOMS is primarily caused by ________ muscle actions.

Answer 40

eccentric

Question 41

In a ________ muscle action, muscle length stays the same.

Answer 41

isometric

Question 42

In a ________ muscle action, the muscle lengthens under load.

Answer 42

eccentric

Question 43

In a ________ muscle action, the muscle shortens as it overcomes resistance.

Answer 43

concentric

Question 44

Sliding Filament Theory 1. ________ is released by synaptic vesicles into the neuromuscular junction to initiate contraction. 2. Depolarization of the sarcolemma travels through ________ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 3. Calcium released from the SR binds to ________, causing tropomyosin to shift.
 4. The binding of myosin to actin forms a ________.
 5. ATP is broken down by ________ to provide energy for the power stroke.


Answer 44

Sliding Filament Theory 1. Acetylcholine (ACh) 2. T-tubules 3. Troponin 4. Crossbridge 5. ATPase