Chapter Two

Question 1

The circulation of the heart and lungs (____l circulation) and that of the rest of the body (____ circulation) form a single closed-circuit system with two components; an ____ system, which carries blood away from the heart, and a ___ system, which returns blood towards the heart.

Answer 1

The circulation of the heart and lungs (central circulation) and that of the rest of the body (peripheral circulation) form a single closed-circuit system with two components; an arterial system, which carries blood away from the heart, and a venous system, which returns blood towards the heart.

Question 2

The _____ system is composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.
Responds accordingly to a change in metabolic demand.

Answer 2

cardiorespiratory

Question 3

_____ nervous system controls the activity of internal organs (heart, blood vessels)

Answer 3

Autonomic

Question 4

Two branches of the autonomic nervous system that regulate heart rate:

Answer 4

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 5

The part of the autonomic nervous system that becomes more active during exercise by increasing heart rate.

Answer 5

Sympathetic

Question 6

What is the approximate pH of human blood at rest?

Answer 6

7.4

Question 7

The heart is composed of how many chambers?

Answer 7

4

Question 8

-The hearts maximal ability to eject blood (maximal Q)
-Maximal ability of skeletal muscle to extract oxygen

Answer 8

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2)

Question 9

The amount of air moving into and out of the lungs at rest during normal breathing

Answer 9

tidal volume

Question 10

The cardiorespiratory system is made up of the __________, __________, __________, and __________.

Answer 10

heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs

Question 11

The main role of the cardiorespiratory system is to deliver __________ and remove __________.

Answer 11

oxygen, metabolic by-products

Question 12

Oxygen is primarily carried by __________ in the blood.

Answer 12

hemoglobin

Question 13

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that can bind up to ___ oxygen molecules.

Answer 13

four

Question 14

The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve shifts right with __________ temperature and __________ pH.

Answer 14

increased, decreased

Question 15

During exercise, core temperature __________ and pH __________, shifting the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation curve to the __________.

Answer 15

increases, decreases, right

Question 16

The heart’s pacemaker is the __________ node, located in the __________ atrium.

Answer 16

sinoatrial (SA), right

Question 17

Electrical impulses travel in what order?

Answer 17

SA node → AV node → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 18

The __________ system surrounds the ventricles and triggers contraction.

Answer 18

Purkinje

Question 19

The __________ vena cava returns blood from the head, and the __________ vena cava from the lower body.

Answer 19

superior, inferior

Question 20

The __________ delivers oxygenated blood to the body.

Answer 20

aorta

Question 21

The __________ veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood.

Answer 21

pulmonary

Question 22

Arteries carry blood __________ the heart; veins carry blood __________ the heart.

Answer 22

away from, toward

Question 23

Electrocardiogram (ECG)
-The P-wave represents __________ depolarization.


Answer 23

atrial

Question 24

Electrocardiogram (ECG)
-The QRS complex represents __________ depolarization.
→ ventricular

Answer 24

ventricular

Question 25

Electrocardiogram (ECG) -The T-wave reflects ventricular __________.


Answer 25

repolarization

Question 26

__________ is the relaxation phase of the heart, allowing it to fill with blood.


Answer 26

Diastole

Question 27

__________ is the contraction phase of the heart, pushing blood out.

Answer 27

Systole

Question 28

Systolic blood pressure is measured during __________; diastolic during __________.

Answer 28

contraction, relaxation

Question 29

According to the Frank-Starling Principle, greater ventricular stretch leads to a more __________ contraction.

Answer 29

forceful

Question 30

__________ is an active process involving the diaphragm and external intercostals.

Answer 30

Inspiration

Question 31

At rest, expiration is __________ and requires no muscle contraction.

Answer 31

passive

Question 32

During exercise, expiration involves the __________ and __________ muscles.


Answer 32

internal intercostals, abdominal

Question 33

Tidal volume is the air moved in and out during __________.

Answer 33

rest

Question 34

__________ is the total volume of air after a deep inhale and maximal exhale.

Answer 34

Vital capacity

Question 35

__________ is the volume of air left after forced exhalation.

Answer 35

Residual volume

Question 36

Gas exchange takes place at the __________, surrounded by capillaries.

Answer 36

alveoli

Question 37

Gas moves via diffusion from areas of __________ to __________ concentration.

Answer 37

high, low

Question 38

6. VO₂max is the maximal rate of __________ uptake, transport, and utilization.


Answer 38

oxygen

Question 39

__________ is the test used to determine VO₂max.

Answer 39

Graded exercise test (GXT)

Question 40

Cardiac Output (Q) = __________ × __________

Answer 40

Stroke Volume (SV), Heart Rate (HR)