Chapter One

Question 1

What are the six ethical principles in psychological research?

Answer 1

Informed consent, confidentiality, deception, debriefing, voluntary participation, and withdrawal rights.

Question 2

True or False: Informed consent means participants must be fully aware of the study’s purpose and procedures before agreeing to participate.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fill in the blank: A __________ is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

Answer 3

hypothesis

Question 4

What is an independent variable?

Answer 4

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

Question 5

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 5

The variable that is measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

Question 6

Which ethical principle involves explaining the study’s purpose and any potential risks after participation?

Answer 6

Debriefing

Question 7

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a variable type? A) Independent B) Dependent C) Control D) Hypothesis

Answer 7

D) Hypothesis

Question 8

True or False: Confidentiality ensures that personal information of participants is kept private.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What does the term ‘operational definition’ refer to?

Answer 9

A clear and precise description of how variables are measured or manipulated in a study.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: A __________ study observes and records behavior without manipulating any variables.

Answer 10

naturalistic

Question 11

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

Answer 11

To provide a baseline for comparison against the experimental group.

Question 12

Multiple choice: Which ethical principle allows participants to leave a study at any time? A) Informed consent B) Right to withdraw C) Protection from harm D) Confidentiality

Answer 12

B) Right to withdraw

Question 13

Short answer: What is the main goal of psychological research?

Answer 13

To understand, predict, and influence behavior.

Question 14

True or False: Deception is always allowed in psychological research.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

What is a longitudinal study?

Answer 15

A research design that follows the same subjects over a long period of time.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: The __________ variable is kept constant to prevent it from influencing the outcome of the experiment.

Answer 16

control

Question 17

Multiple choice: Which type of research method involves interviews and surveys? A) Experimental B) Correlational C) Descriptive D) Observational

Answer 17

C) Descriptive

Question 18

Short answer: Why is the principle of protection from harm important in psychological research?

Answer 18

To ensure the physical and psychological well-being of participants.

Question 19

What does it mean if a study has external validity?

Answer 19

The findings can be generalized to other settings, people, or times.

Question 20

What is the impact of a larger sample size on the generalizability of research findings?

Answer 20

A larger sample size generally increases the generalizability of research findings by providing a more representative subset of the population.

Question 21

True or False: A small sample size can lead to biased results and limit the ability to generalize findings.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Fill in the blank: Increasing sample size reduces the _____ of the estimates obtained from the sample.

Answer 22

margin of error

Question 23

What is one consequence of using a sample size that is too small?

Answer 23

One consequence is that the results may not accurately reflect the characteristics of the larger population.

Question 24

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a reason why larger sample sizes improve generalizability? A) Reduced variability, B) Increased cost, C) More accurate estimates, D) Better representation of the population.

Answer 24

B) Increased cost

Question 26

What is a controlled experiment in psychology?

Answer 26

A controlled experiment is a research study that tests a hypothesis by manipulating one or more independent variables while keeping all other variables constant.

Question 27

True or False: In a controlled experiment, the dependent variable is the one that is manipulated.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The variable that is measured in a controlled experiment is called the __________ variable.

Answer 28

dependent

Question 29

What are participant-related variables?

Answer 29

Participant-related variables are individual differences among participants that can affect the outcome of an experiment, such as age, gender, and personality.

Question 30

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable? A) The amount of light in a room B) The age of participants C) The time of day the experiment is conducted D) All of the above

Answer 30

D) All of the above

Question 31

What is the primary purpose of controlling variables in an experiment?

Answer 31

The primary purpose is to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 32

True or False: Random assignment helps to control for participant-related variables.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Short Answer: Name one method researchers use to control confounding variables.

Answer 33

Randomization

Question 34

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 34

A confounding variable is an extraneous variable that correlates with both the independent and dependent variables, potentially leading to incorrect conclusions.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: __________ variables are those that researchers actively manipulate in an experiment.

Answer 35

Independent

Question 36

What is the experimenter effect?

Answer 36

The experimenter effect is a cognitive bias that occurs when a researcher's expectations or beliefs about the outcome of an experiment influence the results.

Question 37

True or False: Order effects can impact the validity of an experiment.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Fill in the blank: __________ variables are elements in an experiment that can affect the participants' responses due to the specific conditions of the study.

Answer 38

Situational

Question 39

What are participant-related variables?

Answer 39

Participant-related variables are individual differences among participants that can influence the results of an experiment, such as age, gender, personality, and previous experiences.

Question 40

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an example of a situational variable? A) Lighting B) Temperature C) Age D) Noise

Answer 40

C) Age

Question 41

How can researchers minimize the experimenter effect?

Answer 41

Researchers can minimize the experimenter effect by using double-blind designs where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.

Question 42

What is an order effect?

Answer 42

An order effect refers to the influence that the sequence of presenting stimuli or conditions has on participants' responses.

Question 43

True or False: Counterbalancing is a technique used to control for order effects.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Fill in the blank: _________ variables can include aspects like the participant's mood or motivation level during the experiment.

Answer 44

Participant-related

Question 45

What is a common method to address situational variables in an experiment?

Answer 45

A common method is to keep the environment consistent across all experimental conditions to reduce variability.