Chapter Two

Question 1

What is psychological development?

Answer 1

The process through which individuals develop cognitive, emotional, and social capabilities throughout their lifespan.

Question 2

True or False: Hereditary factors only influence physical traits.

Answer 2

False: Hereditary factors also influence psychological traits and behaviors.

Question 3

Fill in the blank: Environmental factors include _____, culture, and life experiences.

Answer 3

family

Question 4

What are genetic dispositions?

Answer 4

Inherent traits or tendencies that are influenced by an individual’s genetic makeup.

Question 5

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor in psychological development? A) Family B) Nutrition C) DNA

Answer 5

C) DNA

Question 6

What role does heredity play in psychological traits?

Answer 6

Heredity provides the biological basis for psychological traits, influencing personality, intelligence, and behavior.

Question 7

True or False: Environmental factors can override genetic predispositions.

Answer 7

True: Environmental factors can significantly influence the expression of genetic traits.

Question 8

List two examples of hereditary factors.

Answer 8

Genetic disorders and inherited personality traits.

Question 9

What is the nature vs. nurture debate?

Answer 9

A discussion regarding the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to human development.

Question 10

Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the concept of ‘nature’? A) Environmental influences B) Genetic inheritance C) Social interactions

Answer 10

B) Genetic inheritance

Question 11

Fill in the blank: The _____ model integrates both genetic and environmental influences on development.

Answer 11

bioecological

Question 12

What is an example of an environmental factor affecting psychological development?

Answer 12

Socioeconomic status.

Question 13

True or False: Genetic predispositions are immutable and cannot be influenced by the environment.

Answer 13

False: They can be influenced by environmental factors.

Question 14

What is the significance of epigenetics in psychology?

Answer 14

Epigenetics studies how environmental factors can change gene expression, impacting psychological traits and behaviors.

Question 15

Multiple Choice: Which research method is commonly used to study the effects of heredity and environment? A) Case studies B) Twin studies C) Surveys

Answer 15

B) Twin studies

Question 16

What is the term for the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental influences?

Answer 16

Gene-environment interaction.

Question 17

List two psychological traits that are often studied in relation to hereditary factors.

Answer 17

Intelligence and temperament.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The _____ theory emphasizes the role of both genetic and environmental factors in development.

Answer 18

interactionist

Question 19

What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?

Answer 19

Understanding how people grow and change throughout their lives.

Question 20

True or False: Only nature affects psychological disorders.

Answer 20

False: Both nature and nurture contribute to psychological disorders.

Question 21

What are the three components of the Biopsychosocial model?

Answer 21

Biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 22

True or False: The Biopsychosocial model only considers biological factors in understanding health.

Answer 22

False.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The Biopsychosocial model emphasizes the interaction between __________, __________, and __________ factors.

Answer 23

biological, psychological, social.

Question 24

Which of the following best describes the Biopsychosocial model? A) A purely medical approach, B) A holistic approach to health, C) A psychological theory.

Answer 24

B) A holistic approach to health.

Question 25

Short answer: How does the Biopsychosocial model improve patient care?

Answer 25

By considering the whole person and their environment, leading to more comprehensive treatment plans.

Question 26

What does the term 'nature vs nurture' refer to?

Answer 26

The debate over the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to human development.

Question 27

True or False: Adoption studies are used to separate the effects of genetics and environment.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Fill in the blank: Adoption studies often compare adopted children to their ________ and ________ families.

Answer 28

biological; adoptive

Question 29

What is a primary biological factor in the nature vs nurture debate?

Answer 29

Genetic inheritance

Question 30

Which of the following is considered a social factor? A) Genetics B) Family environment C) Neurotransmitters

Answer 30

B) Family environment

Question 31

What psychological factor refers to the way individuals perceive and interpret their experiences?

Answer 31

Cognition

Question 32

True or False: Environmental factors have no impact on an individual's behavior.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

What is one common method used in adoption studies?

Answer 33

Comparing the traits of adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents.

Question 34

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a biological factor? A) Socioeconomic status B) Diet C) Personality traits

Answer 34

B) Diet

Question 35

What do researchers aim to discover through adoption studies?

Answer 35

The influence of genetics versus environment on behavior and development.

Question 36

Fill in the blank: The interaction between genetic predispositions and ________ experiences shapes behavior.

Answer 36

environmental

Question 37

What is one limitation of adoption studies?

Answer 37

They may not account for the influence of shared environments among siblings.

Question 38

True or False: Nature and nurture are mutually exclusive factors in human development.

Answer 38

False

Question 39

What is the primary focus of psychological factors in the nature vs nurture debate?

Answer 39

Mental processes and emotional responses

Question 40

Multiple Choice: Which factor is considered part of the 'nurture' side? A) DNA B) Parenting style C) Chromosomes

Answer 40

B) Parenting style

Question 41

What are the four main attachment types identified by Ainsworth?

Answer 41

Secure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-avoidant, and disorganized.

Question 42

True or False: Ainsworth's secure attachment type is characterized by high anxiety in the presence of a caregiver.

Answer 42

False.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: The __________ attachment type is characterized by a lack of trust and avoidance of the caregiver.

Answer 43

anxious-avoidant

Question 44

What was the name of the experiment Harry Harlow conducted with rhesus monkeys?

Answer 44

The cloth mother experiment.

Question 45

Multiple Choice: Which of the following did Harlow's experiments suggest is more important for development? A) Food, B) Comfort, C) Freedom.

Answer 45

B) Comfort.

Question 46

What are the stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Answer 46

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Question 47

True or False: According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage can think abstractly.

Answer 47

False.

Question 48

Fill in the blank: In the __________ stage, children learn to manipulate symbols but struggle with logical reasoning.

Answer 48

preoperational

Question 49

What is the primary focus of the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 49

Object permanence and sensory experiences.

Question 50

Multiple Choice: At which stage do children begin to understand the concept of conservation? A) Sensorimotor, B) Preoperational, C) Concrete operational.

Answer 50

C) Concrete operational.

Question 51

What is the term for the emotional bond between a child and their caregiver, according to Ainsworth?

Answer 51

Attachment.

Question 52

True or False: Harlow's research indicated that social isolation had no long-term effects on monkeys.

Answer 52

False.

Question 53

Fill in the blank: Piaget proposed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through __________.

Answer 53

experiences.

Question 54

What is the main characteristic of disorganized attachment?

Answer 54

Lack of a clear attachment behavior; confusion and fear towards the caregiver.

Question 55

Multiple Choice: Which attachment type is most likely to lead to later behavioral issues? A) Secure, B) Anxious-ambivalent, C) Disorganized.

Answer 55

C) Disorganized.

Question 56

What is the significance of the 'strange situation' in Ainsworth's research?

Answer 56

It is a procedure to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and a child.

Question 57

True or False: Piaget believed that cognitive development is a continuous process.

Answer 57

False.

Question 58

Fill in the blank: The ability to think logically about abstract concepts is characteristic of the __________ stage.

Answer 58

formal operational

Question 59

What is the key finding of Harlow's research regarding maternal care?

Answer 59

That comfort and emotional security are critical for healthy development.