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Biology Higher GCSE Edexcel > Chapter One: > Flashcards

Chapter One: Flashcards

1
Q

Who made the first ever Microscope?

A

Hans and Zacharias Janssen in the 1590s

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2
Q

What magnification are modern light microscopes capable of?

A

1500x

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3
Q

What magnification are electron microscopes capable of?

A

2000000x (2 million times)

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4
Q

What do both types of microscope use to function?

A

Radiation

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5
Q

What is Resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish two objects from each other

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6
Q

What does Resolution depend on?

A

The distance between two distinguishable points.

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7
Q

What type of microscope has higher resolution?

A

Electron Microscope

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8
Q

Formula for Length of object?

A

Length of magnified object / magnification

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9
Q

Formula for Length of magnified object?

A

Length of object * magnification

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10
Q

Formula for Magnification?

A

Length of magnified object / length of object

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11
Q

What limits a light telescope’s magnification?

A

Its Wavelength

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12
Q

What do electron microscopes use to form an image?

A

Beams of electrons

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13
Q

What do light microscopes use to form an image?

A

Rays of light

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14
Q

Name the parts of a standard microscope:

A 
Eyepiece
Objective Lens
1000x objective 
Disc diaphragm 
Illuminator 
Fine Focus
Coarse Focus 
Arm
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15
Q

What is the formula for total magnification?

A

Power of ocular lens * power of objective lens

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16
Q

What is the formula for power of ocular lens?

A

Total magnification / power of objective lens

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17
Q

What is the formula for power of objective lens?

A

Total magnification / power of ocular lens

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18
Q

If the prefix is tera(T), what is the scientific notation and multiplying factor?

A

Multiplying factor: 1000000000000 (trillion)

Scientific Notation: 10^12

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19
Q

If the scientific notation is 10^9, what is the prefix and multiplying factor?

A

Prefix: Giga(g)

Multiplying Factor: 1000000000 (billion)

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20
Q

If the multiplying factor is 1000000(million), then what is the prefix and scientific notation?

A

Prefix: Mega(M)

Scientific Notation: 10^6

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21
Q

If the prefix is kilo(k), what is the scientific notation and multiplying factor?

A

Multiplying Factor: 1000

Scientific Notation: 10^3

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22
Q

If the scientific notation is 10^-3, what is the prefix and multiplying factor?

A

Prefix: Milli (m)

Multiplying Factor: 0.001

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23
Q

If the multiplying factor is 0.000001(millionth), what is the prefix and scientific notation?

A

Prefix: Micro (µ)

Scientific Notation: 10^-6

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24
Q

If the prefix is nano(n), what is the scientific notation and multiplying factor?

A

Multiplying Factor: 0.000000001 (billionth)

Scientific Notation: 10^-9

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25
If the scientific notation is 10^-12, what is the prefix and multiplying factor?
Prefix: Pico (p) | Multiplying Factor: 00.000000000001(trillionth)
26
Name all organelles of a plant and an animal cell:
``` Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplasts Cytoplasm Mitochondria Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuole ```
27
What Organelle is unique to an Animal cell?
Mitochondria
28
What Organelles are unique to a plant cell?
Cell Wall Chloroplasts Vacuole
29
What is the function of the Nucleus?
Contains Genetic Information, controls cell activities
30
What is the function of the Cytoplasm?
Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes
31
What is the function of the Cell Membrane?
Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
32
What is the function of the Mitochondria?
Where most energy is released by respiration
33
What is the function of the Ribosomes?
Where protein synthesis takes place
34
What is the function of the Cell Wall?
Strengthens the cell
35
What is the function of Chloroplasts?
Contains Chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place
36
What is the function of the Vacuole?
Filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid
37
Name five specialised cells:
``` Leaf Cell Root Hair cell Sperm Cell Red Blood Cells Egg Cell ```
38
What is the purpose of a Leaf Cell?
Absorbs light energy for Photosynthesis
39
What are the properties of a Leaf Cell?
Packed with Chloroplasts | Regular Shaped, closely packed together to form continuous layer for efficient sunlight absorption
40
What is the purpose of a Root Hair Cell?
Absorbs water and mineral ions from soil.
41
What are the properties of a Root Hair Cell?
Long 'finger-like' process within a very thin wall, which gives large surface area
42
What is the purpose of a Sperm Cell?
Fertilises the Egg Cell (Ovum)
43
What are the properties of a Sperm Cell?
Head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help penetrate the Egg Cell's membrane. Middle section packed with mitochondria for energy
44
What is the purpose of a Red Blood Cell?
Contains Haemoglobin to carry oxygen to cells
45
What are the properties of a Red Blood Cell?
Thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse easily Shape increases surface area No nucleus, the whole cell is full of Haemoglobin
46
What are the properties of an Egg Cell (ovum)?
One of the largest cells in the human body Haploid Nucleus - contains half the number of chromosomes - and a large cytoplasm contains nutrients and mitochondria needed for Mitosis.
47
What Organelles are in a Bacteria Cell?
``` Cell Wall Cytoplasm Large Circular DNA Pili Plasmids Ribosomes ```
48
What is the function of the Plasmids?
Contains genes that help cell function
49
What is a Prokaryotic Cell?
Cells that don't have a membrane-bound nucleus meaning their DNA is free in the cytoplasm
50
Give an example of a Prokaryotic Cell:
Bacteria Cell
51
What is the function of the Pili?
Allows Bacteria cells to exchange plasmids
52
What is a Eukaryotic Cell?
Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus | Have linear chromosomes instead of circular
53
Give three examples of Eukaryotic Cells:
Animal Cell Plant Cell Fungus Cell
54
What type of Catalysts are Enzymes?
Biological Catalysts
55
What is a Catalyst?
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
56
What are Enzymes?
Proteins folded into complex shapes
57
What do the complex shape of Enzymes allow?
Smaller molecules to fit into them
58
Where do substrate molecules fit into the enzyme?
At its Active Site
59
What may happen if the shape of an enzyme changes?
The active site may no longer work. We say that enzyme has denatured.
60
How can enzymes be denatured?
High temperatures or extreme pHs
61
Name three enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of food molecules:
Amylase Protease Lipase
62
What reaction is Amylase the catalyst for?
Starch -> Sugar
63
What reaction is Protease the catalyst for?
Proteins -> Amino Acids
64
What reaction is Lipase the catalyst for?
Lipids -> Fatty acids + glycerol
65
What is Amylase an example of?
A carbohydrase.
66
Where is Amylase produced?
Salivary Glands, pancreas, small intestine
67
Where is Protease produced?
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
68
Where is Lipase produced?
Pancreas, small intestine
69
Why is catalysis by enzymes important for life processes?
Speeds up reaction times
70
What is the test for Starch?
Add iodine solution to substance | If it turns black-blue starch is present.
71
What is the test for Glucose?
Dissolve substance into water and adding benedict's solution | If it turns blue Glucose is present
72
What is the test for Proteins?
Use Biuret regent | Turns mauve/purple if protein is present
73
What is the test for Lipids?
Use the emulsion test Mix the substance with 2ml of Ethanol and an equal volume of distilled water A milky white emulsion is formed if lipids are present.
74
What is a calorimeter?
A piece of equipment designed to measure the energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction
75
What is the lock and key theory?
The enzyme being the lock and the substance being the key. Only the correct sized substance fits into the keyhole (the active site)
76
What does the shape of an enzyme depend on?
The order of amino acids
77
What temperature do enzymes work best at?
37 degrees celsius
78
What is the formula for Enzyme activity?
rate * reaction volume
79
What is Diffusion?
When particles move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
80
When does Diffusion happen?
When particles are free to move
81
What is the purpose of Diffusion?
For dissolved substances to pass through the cell membrane to get in or out of a cell.
82
What is Osmosis?
The movement of water from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
83
What do you need for Osmosis to happen?
- Two solutions with different concentrations | - A partially permeable membrane to separate them
84
What is the purpose of Osmosis?
Allows water to move across cell membranes

Biology Higher GCSE Edexcel (4 decks)

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