Chapter One: Abnormal behaviour in historical context Flashcards
(55 cards)
Which of the following best describes the kind of functioning that can be compromised when someone has a psychological disorder?
A. Their emotions and intellectual capacity
B. Their behaviour, cognition, or emotions
C. Only their emotional state
B. Their behaviour, cognition, or emotions
How do psychologists determine whether the criterion of personal distress is being met?
A. The professional providing treatment must be disturbed by the individual’s condition.
B. The individual must be upset or highly bothered by their condition.
C. Friends and family of the individual must report being upset about the individual’s condition.
B. The individual must be upset or highly bothered by their condition.
Determining whether a psychological disorder exists requires taking cultural values and expectations into account. What is one implication of this cultural perspective?
A. Some cultures will be hostile toward attempts to understand and diagnose psychopathology.
B. A behaviour that is considered normal in one culture may be classified as abnormal in another.
C. There is widespread global agreement on what constitutes a psychological disorder.
B. A behaviour that is considered normal in one culture may be classified as abnormal in another.
In psychology, a scientist–practitioner is someone who takes a scientific approach to their clinical and applied work. In particular, a scientist–practitioner serves as at least one of three things:
- consumer of science
- evaluator of science
- creator of science
Prevalence vs Incidence
Prevalence is the number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time, while Incidence is the number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period
What is the purpose of having a detailed description of the onset and course of a psychological disorder?
A. It provides guidelines for how a therapist should interact with a patient’s family.
B. It helps therapists determine what caused a patient’s psychological disorders.
C. It is often used to determine the most appropriate form of treatment.
C. It is often used to determine the most appropriate form of treatment.
The way a society views and treats abnormal behaviour is influenced by _______ factors such as _______, ______, ______, and the ________
- cultural
- religion
- politics
- science
- economy
Hippocrates was a Greek _______ known as the father of _____ ______, who rejected _______ explanations for psychological disorders.
- physician
- modern medicine
- supernatural
One is expressing a ______ or ________ view when they believe that the brain exists in the domain of the natural world. Common treatments adopted by those who believe in this explanation for abnormal behaviour include ____, _____, and a _______ _________.
- natural
- biological
- rest
- sleep
- healthy environment
Asylums appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century as institutions for people with psychological disorders. How did individuals such as Philippe Pinel, William Tuke, Benjamin Rush, and Dorothea Dix work to change asylums?
A. They were advocates for more humane treatment of patients in asylums.
B. They pioneered research on new methods of restraint for use in asylums.
C. They recommended the closure of all asylums due to the poor living conditions.
D. They emphasized the use of medication to treat patients in asylums.
A. They were advocates for more humane treatment of patients in asylums.
Rejected the use of seclusion and restraints in the treatment of the mentally ill is an example of ______ _______.
moral therapy
___________ ________ focuses on social and cultural causes of abnormal behaviour, rather than supernatural ones
psychosocial treatment
the ________ _______ _______ worked to raise public awareness of the inhumane conditions of asylums
mental hygiene movement
Who is responsible for the mental hygiene movement?
Dorothea Dix
After several years of struggling mightily with decisions making, Ginny decides to start psychoanalytic psychotherapy. After several months in therapy, Ginny starts to feel angry with her therapist. The anger is very similar to how Ginny felt about an uncle who abused her throughout her childhood. This is most likely an example of:
A. Dream analysis
B. Free association
C. Transference
D. Projection
C. Transference
When it comes to Ego, Super Ego, and Id, The ____ would recommend the most impulsive decision, the _______ would make the most moral decision, and the ______ the would make the decision that compensates for both the impulsive ego and the moral superego.
- Id
- Super Ego
- Ego
Carl Rogers developed person-centred therapy in response to what he saw as the shortcomings and limitations of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In developing the person-centred approach, what did Rogers view as necessary for effective treatment?
A. A supportive relationship with an empathetic therapist is needed.
B. The therapist must be the same gender as the client.
C. The therapist must be seen as an authority figure.
D. Clients must be willing to examine their unconscious minds.
A. A supportive relationship with an empathetic therapist is needed.
When Amy told her therapist about her irrational fear of pencils, the therapist laughed and said, “Seriously?” A humanist would probably argue that Amy’s therapist needs to be better at providing what?
A. Transference
B. Systematic desensitization
C. Intrapsychic resolution
D. Unconditional positive regard
D. Unconditional positive regard
Based on principles of learning and conditioning, the behavioural model has had an important and lasting impact on our understanding of psychopathology. It is generally considered more __________ than the psychoanalytic and humanistic traditions.
scientific
Based on principles of learning and conditioning, the behavioural model has had an important and lasting impact on our understanding of psychopathology. It is generally considered more __________ than the psychoanalytic and humanistic traditions.
scientific
Classical conditioning is classified as a form of associative learning. Which of the following factors can increase the speed with which a stimulus-response association can be learned?
A. Presenting numerous neutral stimuli before the response is elicited
B. Repeatedly presenting the neutral stimulus by itself, without the unconditioned stimulus
C. Using an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a more intense response
C. Using an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a more intense response
The behavioural approach to psychological disorders currently encompasses a wide range of theories based on principles that underlie different forms of learning. Initially, classical conditioning served as the basis of the behavioural perspective. John Watson was one of the first researchers to examine this connection. What major contribution did Watson’s experiments with Albert (often referred to as “Little Albert” in psychological literature) make to psychologists’ understanding of psychological disorders?
A. He showed that associating one’s parents with negative images can lead to developmental disorders.
B. He showed that intense fear responses could be learned through conditioning.
C. He showed that adult forms of depression can result from associations formed in childhood.
B. He showed that intense fear responses could be learned through conditioning.
Hannah’s parents are upset that she never does her household chores. With the help of a behavioural therapist, the parents develop a system whereby Hannah earns tickets for doing various chores. At the end of the week, Hannah can exchange the tickets for things such as more allowance, a later curfew, and other desired objects or activities.
The plan Hannah’s parents are using to improve her completion of household chores is based on what?
A. Operant conditioning
B. Extinction
C. Classical conditioning
D. Unconditional positive regard
A. Operant conditioning
Hannah’s parents are upset that she never does her household chores. With the help of a behavioural therapist, the parents develop a system whereby Hannah earns tickets for doing various chores. At the end of the week, Hannah can exchange the tickets for things such as more allowance, a later curfew, and other desired objects or activities.
If Hannah’s parents decided to start exchanging the tickets for lectures and spankings instead of nice things, what would probably happen to Hannah’s chore completion behaviour?
A. It would remain the same.
B. It would expand to include additional chores.
C. It would decrease.
D. It would increase.
C. It would decrease
