Chapter One Pt 2

Question 1

Anterior

Answer 1

Front

Question 2

Posterior

Answer 2

Back

Question 3

Rostral

Answer 3

toward head

Question 4

Caudal

Answer 4

toward tail

Question 5

Dorsal

Answer 5

top/back

Question 6

Ventral

Answer 6

bottom/belly

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

at midline

Question 8

lateral

Answer 8

to the side

Question 9

Horizontal / axial / transverse sections

Answer 9

section taken parallel to rostral/caudal axis (toward head, toward tail); in upright humans, is parallel to ground

Question 10

Sagittal

Answer 10

Sections taken dividing the brain’s hemispheres

Question 11

Midsagittal

Answer 11

hemispherical section taken closer to the midline

Question 12

parasagittal

Answer 12

hemispherical section close to side of brain

Question 13

Coronal / frontal

Answer 13

sections in the plane of the face

Question 14

Transverse

Answer 14

orthogonal to long axis of cord

Question 15

Longitudinal

Answer 15

Parallel to long axis of cord

Question 16

Spinal cord

Answer 16

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain (the medulla oblongata specifically). The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body but also contains neural circuits that can independently control numerous reflexes and central pattern generators.

Question 17

Functions of spinal cord

Answer 17

The spinal cord has three major functions: as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord, as a conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction, and finally as a center for coordinating certain reflexes.

Question 18

Medulla oblongata

Answer 18

The medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 19

Pons

Answer 19

The pons is a structure located on the brain stem. It is cranial to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it is above the medulla, below the midbrain, and anterior to the cerebellum.

Question 20

Function of pons

Answer 20

The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.

Question 21

Anatomy of cerebellum

Answer 21

cerebellum has the appearance of a separate structure attached to the brain’s bottom, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres. The surface of the cerebellum is covered with finely spaced parallel grooves, in contrast to the broad irregular convolutions of the cerebral cortex, concealing that the cerebellum is a continuous thin layer of tissue (the cerebellar cortex), folded like an accordion.

Question 22

Functions of cerebellum

Answer 22

may be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. The cerebellum does not initiate movement, but it contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing.

Question 23

midbrain or mesencephalon anatomy

Answer 23

Caudally the mesencephalon adjoins the pons (metencephalon) and rostrally it adjoins the diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.). The midbrain is located below the cerebral cortex, and above the hindbrain placing it near the center of the brain.

Question 24

Functions of midbrain

Answer 24

a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

Question 25

Diencephalon place and components

Answer 25

the Diencephalon appears at the upper end of the brain stem, situated between the cerebrum and the brain stem. It is made up of four distinct components: the thalamus, the subthalamus, the hypothalamus and the epithalamus

Question 26

Ventricular system

Answer 26

The ventricular system is a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.

Question 27

Brainstem

Answer 27

In vertebrate anatomy the brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord.

Question 28

Fourth ventricle

Answer 28

The fourth ventricle has a characteristic diamond shape in cross-sections of the human brain. It is located within the pons or in the upper part of the medulla.

Question 29

Cerebral aqueduct

Answer 29

The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesencephalon and metencephalon, located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum.

Question 30

Forebrain

Answer 30

forwardmost part of the brain

Question 31

Third ventricle

Answer 31

The third ventricle (ventriculus tertius) is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 32

Lateral ventricle

Answer 32

Each lateral ventricle has three horns: the anterior or frontal horn extends into the frontal lobe, the posterior or occipital horn into the occipital lobe, the inferior or temporal horn into the temporal lobe; The body of the lateral ventricle is the central portion, just posterior to the frontal horn.

Question 33

Cranial nerve nuclei

Answer 33

A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves. Axons carrying information to and from the cranial nerves form a synapse first at these nuclei.

Question 34

Gyrus

Answer 34

A gyrus (pl. gyri) is a ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci (depressions or furrows; sg. sulcus)

Question 35

Sulcus

Answer 35

a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain.

Question 36

lobe

Answer 36

a clear anatomical division or extension of an organ (such as the brain, the breast or the kidney) that can be determined without the use of a microscope at the gross anatomy level

Question 37

Central sulcus or Rolandic fissure

Answer 37

The central sulcus is a fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates. The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

Question 38

Pre- and Postcentral Gyrus

Answer 38

Precentral deals with control of movement. The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an important landmark. It is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch.

Question 39

Basal ganglia

Answer 39

The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit. They are situated at the base of the forebrain and are strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas.

Question 40

Basal ganglia functions

Answer 40

The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control, procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or "habits" such as bruxism, eye movements, and cognitive, emotional functions. Currently popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection, that is, the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time.

Question 41

Hippocampus

Answer 41

The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation.

Question 42

Amygdala

Answer 42

almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.

Question 43

Limbic system

Answer 43

The limbic system (or Paleomammalian brain) is a set of brain structures, including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, limbic cortex and fornix, which seemingly support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long term memory, and olfaction.

Question 44

Olfactory bulb

Answer 44

The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors; In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain.

Question 45

Thalamus

Answer 45

The thalamus is a midline symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates including humans, situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. Its function includes relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

Question 46

hypothalamus anatomy

Answer 46

The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brain stem. In the terminology of neuroanatomy, it forms the ventral part of the diencephalon. All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is roughly the size of an almond.

Question 47

Hypothalamus function

Answer 47

The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles.

Question 48

Topographic organization

Answer 48

A topographic map is the ordered projection of a sensory surface, like the retina or the skin, or an effector system, like the musculature, to one or more structures of the central nervous system. Topographic maps can be found in all sensory systems and in many motor systems.