Chapter One - Understanding Scientific Research

Question 1

______ occurs when one feels they have direct knowledge or insight but cannot state any observation or reason for the knowledge.

Answer 1

Intuition occurs when one feels they have direct knowledge or insight but cannot state any observation or reason for the knowledge.

Question 2

_______ is a basis for acceptance of information because it is acquired from a highly respected source.

Answer 2

Authority is a basis for acceptance of information because it is acquired from a highly respected source.

Question 3

________ is the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning.

Answer 3

Rationalism is the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning.

Question 4

________ is the acquisition of knowledge through experience.

Answer 4

Empiricism is the acquisition of knowledge through experience.

Question 5

_______ is the most trustworthy way of acquiring reliable and valid knowledge about the natural world.

Answer 5

Science is the most trustworthy way of acquiring reliable and valid knowledge about the natural world.

Question 6

________ is a reasoning process that involves going from the specific to general.

Answer 6

Induction is a reasoning process that involves going from the specific to general.

Question 7

_________ testing is the process of testing a predicted relationship of hypothesis by making observations and then comparing the observed facts with the hypothesis or predicted relationship.

Answer 7

Hypothesis testing is the process of testing a predicted relationship of hypothesis by making observations and then comparing the observed facts with the hypothesis or predicted relationship.

Question 8

Logical _______ is a philosophical approach that focused on verifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science.

Answer 8

Logical positivism is a philosophical approach that focused on verifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science.

Question 9

__________ is a deductive approach to science that focused on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science.

Answer 9

Falsificationism is a deductive approach to science that focused on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science.

Question 10

___________ principle states that a hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions.

Answer 10

Duhem-Quine principle states that a hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions.

Question 11

________ is a position popular in behavioural science stating that science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than according to philosophical arguments.

Answer 11

Naturalism is a position popular in behavioural science stating that science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than according to philosophical arguments.

Question 12

Empirical ______ is present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence.

Answer 12

Empirical adequacy is present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence.

Question 13

______ science is the period in which scientific activity is governed and directed by a single paradigm.

Answer 13

Normal science is the period in which scientific activity is governed and directed by a single paradigm.

Question 14

A _______ is a framework of through or beliefs by which reality is interpreted.

Answer 14

A paradigm is a framework of through or beliefs by which reality is interpreted.

Question 15

_________ science is a period in which scientific activity is characterised by the replacement of one paradigm with another.

Answer 15

Revolutionary science is a period in which scientific activity is characterised by the replacement of one paradigm with another.

Question 16

_________ is the belief that mental processes and behaviours are fully caused by prior natural factors.

Answer 16

Determinism is the belief that mental processes and behaviours are fully caused by prior natural factors.

Question 17

_________ causes are a weaker form of determinism that indicates regularities that usually but not always occur.

Answer 17

Probabilistic causes are a weaker form of determinism that indicates regularities that usually but not always occur.

Question 18

Reality in _______ is the assumption that the things we see, hear, feel, smell, and taste are real.

Answer 18

Reality in nature is the assumption that the things we see, hear, feel, smell, and taste are real.

Question 19

_________ is the assumption that is it possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature.

Answer 19

Discoverability is the assumption that is it possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature.

Question 20

________ is the elimination of the influence of extraneous variables.

Answer 20

Control is the elimination of the influence of extraneous variables.

Question 21

The ______ effect is improvement due to participants’ expectations for improvement rather than the actual drug.

Answer 21

The placebo effect is improvement due to participants’ expectations for improvement rather than the actual drug.

Question 22

_________ is representing constructs by a specific set of operations.

Answer 22

Operationalism is representing constructs by a specific set of operations.

Question 23

___________ definition is defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it.

Answer 23

Operational definition is defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it.

Question 24

_______ operationalism is using multiple measures to represent a construct.

Answer 24

Multiple operationalism is using multiple measures to represent a construct.

Question 25

__________ is Campbell’s term for an operational definition.

Answer 25

Operationalisation is Campbell’s term for an operational definition.

Question 26

__________ is the reproduction of the results of a study in a new study.

Answer 26

Replication is the reproduction of the results of a study in a new study.

Question 27

Meta-analysis is a ________ technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple research studies.

Answer 27

Meta-analysis is a quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple research studies.

Question 28

_______ is an explanation of how and why something operates.

Answer 28

Theory is an explanation of how and why something operates.

Question 29

Logic of _______ is the inductive or discovery part of the scientific process.

Answer 29

Logic of discovery is the inductive or discovery part of the scientific process.

Question 30

Logic of ________ is the deductive or theory-testing part of the scientific process.

Answer 30

Logic of justification is the deductive or theory-testing part of the scientific process.

Question 31

_________ is the goal in science to eliminate or minimise opinion or bias in the conduct of research.

Answer 31

Objectivity is the goal in science to eliminate or minimise opinion or bias in the conduct of research.

Question 32

_________ is the portrayal of a situation or phenomenon.

Answer 32

Description is the portrayal of a situation or phenomenon.

Question 33

___________ is the determination of the cause or causes of a given phenomenon.

Answer 33

Explanation is the determination of the cause or causes of a given phenomenon.

Question 34

__________ is the ability to anticipate the occurrence of an event.

Answer 34

Prediction is the ability to anticipate the occurrence of an event.

Question 35

______ is (1) a comparison group, (2) elimination of the influence of extraneous variables, or (3) manipulation of antecedent conditions to produce a change in mental processes and behaviour.

Answer 35

Control is (1) a comparison group, (2) elimination of the influence of extraneous variables, or (3) manipulation of antecedent conditions to produce a change in mental processes and behaviour.

Question 36

____________ is a set of beliefs or practices that are not scientific but claim to be scientific.

Answer 36

Pseudoscience is a set of beliefs or practices that are not scientific but claim to be scientific.