Chapter One - Understanding Scientific Research Flashcards
______ occurs when one feels they have direct knowledge or insight but cannot state any observation or reason for the knowledge.
Intuition occurs when one feels they have direct knowledge or insight but cannot state any observation or reason for the knowledge.
_______ is a basis for acceptance of information because it is acquired from a highly respected source.
Authority is a basis for acceptance of information because it is acquired from a highly respected source.
________ is the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning.
Rationalism is the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning.
________ is the acquisition of knowledge through experience.
Empiricism is the acquisition of knowledge through experience.
_______ is the most trustworthy way of acquiring reliable and valid knowledge about the natural world.
Science is the most trustworthy way of acquiring reliable and valid knowledge about the natural world.
________ is a reasoning process that involves going from the specific to general.
Induction is a reasoning process that involves going from the specific to general.
_________ testing is the process of testing a predicted relationship of hypothesis by making observations and then comparing the observed facts with the hypothesis or predicted relationship.
Hypothesis testing is the process of testing a predicted relationship of hypothesis by making observations and then comparing the observed facts with the hypothesis or predicted relationship.
Logical _______ is a philosophical approach that focused on verifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science.
Logical positivism is a philosophical approach that focused on verifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science.
__________ is a deductive approach to science that focused on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science.
Falsificationism is a deductive approach to science that focused on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science.
___________ principle states that a hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions.
Duhem-Quine principle states that a hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions.
________ is a position popular in behavioural science stating that science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than according to philosophical arguments.
Naturalism is a position popular in behavioural science stating that science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than according to philosophical arguments.
Empirical ______ is present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence.
Empirical adequacy is present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence.
______ science is the period in which scientific activity is governed and directed by a single paradigm.
Normal science is the period in which scientific activity is governed and directed by a single paradigm.
A _______ is a framework of through or beliefs by which reality is interpreted.
A paradigm is a framework of through or beliefs by which reality is interpreted.
_________ science is a period in which scientific activity is characterised by the replacement of one paradigm with another.
Revolutionary science is a period in which scientific activity is characterised by the replacement of one paradigm with another.
_________ is the belief that mental processes and behaviours are fully caused by prior natural factors.
Determinism is the belief that mental processes and behaviours are fully caused by prior natural factors.
_________ causes are a weaker form of determinism that indicates regularities that usually but not always occur.
Probabilistic causes are a weaker form of determinism that indicates regularities that usually but not always occur.
Reality in _______ is the assumption that the things we see, hear, feel, smell, and taste are real.
Reality in nature is the assumption that the things we see, hear, feel, smell, and taste are real.
_________ is the assumption that is it possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature.
Discoverability is the assumption that is it possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature.
________ is the elimination of the influence of extraneous variables.
Control is the elimination of the influence of extraneous variables.
The ______ effect is improvement due to participants’ expectations for improvement rather than the actual drug.
The placebo effect is improvement due to participants’ expectations for improvement rather than the actual drug.
_________ is representing constructs by a specific set of operations.
Operationalism is representing constructs by a specific set of operations.
___________ definition is defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it.
Operational definition is defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it.
_______ operationalism is using multiple measures to represent a construct.
Multiple operationalism is using multiple measures to represent a construct.
