Chapter Two - Research Approaches and Data Collection Methods

Question 1

_________ research is the research approach in which one attempts to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating the independent variable.

Answer 1

Experimental research is the research approach in which one attempts to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating the independent variable.

Question 2

________ research is research that attempts to describe some phenomenon, event, or situation.

Answer 2

Descriptive research is research that attempts to describe some phenomenon, event, or situation.

Question 3

_________ research study is a research study that is based on numerical data.

Answer 3

Quantitative research study is a research study that is based on numerical data.

Question 4

_________ data is data consisting of numbers.

Answer 4

Numerical data is data consisting of numbers.

Question 5

__________ research study is a research study based on nonnumerical data.

Answer 5

Qualitative research study is a research study based on nonnumerical data.

Question 6

_________ data is data that consist of pictures, words, statements, clothing, written records or documents, or a description of situations and behaviour.

Answer 6

Nonnumerical data is data that consist of pictures, words, statements, clothing, written records or documents, or a description of situations and behaviour.

Question 7

A _______ is a characteristic or phenomenon that can vary across or within organisms, situations, or environments.

Answer 7

A variable is a characteristic or phenomenon that can vary across or within organisms, situations, or environments.

Question 8

________: something that does not vary.

Answer 8

Constant: something that does not vary.

Question 9

A _________ variable is a variable that varies by type or kind.

Answer 9

A categorical variable is a variable that varies by type or kind.

Question 10

A _________ variable is a variable that varies by degree or amount.

Answer 10

A quantitative variable is a variable that varies by degree or amount.

Question 11

An _________ variable is a variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable.

Answer 11

An independent variable is a variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable.

Question 12

A ________ variable is a variable that is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables.

Answer 12

A dependent variable is a variable that is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables.

Question 13

A cause-and-effect ________ is a relationship in which one variable produces changes in another variable.

Answer 13

A cause-and-effect relationship is a relationship in which one variable produces changes in another variable.

Question 14

An __________ variable is a variable that might compete with the IV in explaining the outcome.

Answer 14

An extraneous variable is a variable that might compete with the IV in explaining the outcome.

Question 15

A ________ variable is a variable that occurs between two other variables in a causal chain; it’s an intervening variable.

Answer 15

A mediating variable is a variable that occurs between two other variables in a causal chain; it’s an intervening variable.

Question 16

A ________ variable is a variable that changes or “moderates” the relationship between other variables.

Answer 16

A moderator variable is a variable that changes or “moderates” the relationship between other variables.

Question 17

______ is a term whose meaning is debated by philosophers, but in everyday language implies that manipulation of one event produces another event.

Answer 17

Causation is a term whose meaning is debated by philosophers, but in everyday language implies that manipulation of one event produces another event.

Question 18

A ______ is the factor that makes something else exist or change.

Answer 18

A cause is the factor that makes something else exist or change.

Question 19

An ______ is the difference between what would have happened and what did happen when a treatment is administered.

Answer 19

An effect is the difference between what would have happened and what did happen when a treatment is administered.

Question 20

A psychological _________ is an objective observation of phenomena that are made to occur in a strictly controlled situation in which one or more factors are varied and the others are kept constant.

Answer 20

A psychological experiment is an objective observation of phenomena that are made to occur in a strictly controlled situation in which one or more factors are varied and the others are kept constant.

Question 21

_________ is the active intervention by a researcher that is expected to produce changes in the dependent variable.

Answer 21

Manipulation is the active intervention by a researcher that is expected to produce changes in the dependent variable.

Question 22

_________ variables are extraneous variables that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher’s ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV.

Answer 22

Confounding variables are extraneous variables that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher’s ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV.

Question 23

A causal ________ is a description of the consequences of manipulating an independent variable.

Answer 23

A causal description is a description of the consequences of manipulating an independent variable.

Question 24

A causal ________ is explaining the mechanisms through which a causal relationship works.

Answer 24

A causal explanation is explaining the mechanisms through which a causal relationship works.