Chapter Two - Research Approaches and Data Collection Methods Flashcards
_________ research is the research approach in which one attempts to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating the independent variable.
Experimental research is the research approach in which one attempts to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating the independent variable.
________ research is research that attempts to describe some phenomenon, event, or situation.
Descriptive research is research that attempts to describe some phenomenon, event, or situation.
_________ research study is a research study that is based on numerical data.
Quantitative research study is a research study that is based on numerical data.
_________ data is data consisting of numbers.
Numerical data is data consisting of numbers.
__________ research study is a research study based on nonnumerical data.
Qualitative research study is a research study based on nonnumerical data.
_________ data is data that consist of pictures, words, statements, clothing, written records or documents, or a description of situations and behaviour.
Nonnumerical data is data that consist of pictures, words, statements, clothing, written records or documents, or a description of situations and behaviour.
A _______ is a characteristic or phenomenon that can vary across or within organisms, situations, or environments.
A variable is a characteristic or phenomenon that can vary across or within organisms, situations, or environments.
________: something that does not vary.
Constant: something that does not vary.
A _________ variable is a variable that varies by type or kind.
A categorical variable is a variable that varies by type or kind.
A _________ variable is a variable that varies by degree or amount.
A quantitative variable is a variable that varies by degree or amount.
An _________ variable is a variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable.
An independent variable is a variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable.
A ________ variable is a variable that is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables.
A dependent variable is a variable that is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables.
A cause-and-effect ________ is a relationship in which one variable produces changes in another variable.
A cause-and-effect relationship is a relationship in which one variable produces changes in another variable.
An __________ variable is a variable that might compete with the IV in explaining the outcome.
An extraneous variable is a variable that might compete with the IV in explaining the outcome.
A ________ variable is a variable that occurs between two other variables in a causal chain; it’s an intervening variable.
A mediating variable is a variable that occurs between two other variables in a causal chain; it’s an intervening variable.
A ________ variable is a variable that changes or “moderates” the relationship between other variables.
A moderator variable is a variable that changes or “moderates” the relationship between other variables.
______ is a term whose meaning is debated by philosophers, but in everyday language implies that manipulation of one event produces another event.
Causation is a term whose meaning is debated by philosophers, but in everyday language implies that manipulation of one event produces another event.
A ______ is the factor that makes something else exist or change.
A cause is the factor that makes something else exist or change.
An ______ is the difference between what would have happened and what did happen when a treatment is administered.
An effect is the difference between what would have happened and what did happen when a treatment is administered.
A psychological _________ is an objective observation of phenomena that are made to occur in a strictly controlled situation in which one or more factors are varied and the others are kept constant.
A psychological experiment is an objective observation of phenomena that are made to occur in a strictly controlled situation in which one or more factors are varied and the others are kept constant.
_________ is the active intervention by a researcher that is expected to produce changes in the dependent variable.
Manipulation is the active intervention by a researcher that is expected to produce changes in the dependent variable.
_________ variables are extraneous variables that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher’s ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV.
Confounding variables are extraneous variables that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher’s ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV.
A causal ________ is a description of the consequences of manipulating an independent variable.
A causal description is a description of the consequences of manipulating an independent variable.
A causal ________ is explaining the mechanisms through which a causal relationship works.
A causal explanation is explaining the mechanisms through which a causal relationship works.
