Chapter Overview

Question 1

Meristems

Answer 1

Tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium and latent buds.

Question 2

Differentiation

Answer 2

Changes their structure and permits them to assume a variety of specific functions.

Question 3

Primary growth

Answer 3

Growth of shoots and roots.

Question 4

Secondary growth

Answer 4

Growth in diameter

Question 5

Cellulose

Answer 5

Structural component of the primary cell wall

Question 6

Lignin

Answer 6

formed in the cell walls of the wood, provides the strength and rigidity that allows trees to grow tall

Question 7

What are the 4 primary functions of xylem

Answer 7

Conduction of water and dissolved minerals

Support of the weight of the tree

Storage of carbohydrates

Defense against spread of disease and decay

Question 8

Symplasm

Apoplasm

Answer 8

Living tissue

Non living tissue

Question 9

What is xylem of gymnosperms composed of

Answer 9

Tracheids, fibers and parenchyma cells

Question 10

Vessels

Answer 10

End to end tubelike water conducting cells in xylem angiosperms

Question 11

Ring porous trees

Answer 11

Elm
Oak
Ash

Question 12

Diffuse porous trees

Answer 12

Maple
Plane tree
Poplar
Beech

Question 13

Sieve cells are found in

Sieve tube elements and companion cells found

Answer 13

Conifers

Hardwood

Question 14

Rays transport

Answer 14

Carbohydrates, store carbs as starch and decrease decay in woods.

Question 15

Epicormic

Answer 15

When dormant buds grow

Question 16

Anthocyanins

Answer 16

Produce colors in leaves like red and purple

Question 17

Carotenoids

Answer 17

Produce yellow, oranges and reds

Question 18

Cytokinins

Answer 18

Produced in roots, makes growth

Question 19

Types of cuts

Answer 19

Reduction, thinning and heading cuts

Question 20

Reduction cut

Answer 20

When reducing the length of a limb by cutting back to a lateral branch.

Question 21

Heading cuts

Answer 21

Involves cutting limbs to a stub, bud or lateral branch not large enough to assume terminal role. Stimulate growth.

Question 22

5 steps of training young trees

Answer 22

Remove dead, dying branches
Choose a dominant leader
Establish permanent branch
Establish scaffold branches
Selection and subordination of temporary branches

Question 23

Pruning methods

Answer 23

Crown cleaning
Thinning
Reduction
Restoration
Raising

Question 24

Crown raising

Answer 24

Removes lower branches of a tree in order to provide clearance

Question 25

Crown restoration

Answer 25

Consists of selective removal of some water sprouts, stubs and dead branches to improve a tree

Question 26

Espalier

Answer 26

Combo of pruning and training branches that are oriented in one plane, usually supported on a wall, fence or trellis

Question 27

Throw line

Answer 27

Set up a rope in the tree by using a shot pouch device.

Question 28

Soft rot

Answer 28

Similar to brown (degrades the cellulose) and white rot. Decay of plant tissues within the cell walls.

Question 29

Sapwood rot

Answer 29

Located in the bark or sap. Will have fruiting bodies.

Question 30

Resonance testing

Answer 30

Sounding with a hard plastic or other suitable mallet.

Question 31

Increment borer

Answer 31

Can be used to bore into trunk or root tissue and extract a core of wood for further examination.

Question 32

Tomogram

Answer 32

Pictures of the inside of a tree showing areas of decayed wood.

Question 33

Witches broom

Answer 33

abnormal development of multiple secondary shoots, forming a broom like effect.

Question 34

Necrosis

Answer 34

Death of tissue

Question 35

Diagnosing disease in trees

Answer 35

``` Identify plant Look for a pattern of abnormality Carefully examine site Note color, size and thickness of foliage Check trunk and branches Examine roots and root collar ```

Question 36

What do borers eat?

Answer 36

Inner bark, phloem, cambium and xylem

Question 36

Honeydew

Answer 36

Serves as a substrate for nonpathogenic fungus called sooty mold

Question 36

Symptoms of nematode

Answer 36

Swelling, deformation, galls, stunting, chlorosis and wilting

Question 37

Verticillium wilt

Answer 37

Example of vascular wilt disease

Question 38

Species that require sweating (due to bare roots storage in a cooler

Answer 38

Hackberry, birch, honeylocust, sugar maple, oaks

Question 39

In a branch, xylem is oriented

Answer 39

Downward

Question 40

Vigor | Vitality

Answer 40

Resist stress Thrive in an environment