Chapter Review Flashcards
Learning as a result of observable acts and events without reference to mental entities such as mind or will refers to the field of…
-behaviorism
Conditioning involves associations between…
-environmental stimuli and an organism’s responses
Define: learning
-a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience
Define: classical conditioning
-process by which a neutral stimulus elicits a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response
Define: unconditioned stimulus
-stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in absence of learning
Define: unconditioned response
-reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning
Define: conditioned stimulus
-an initially neutral stimulus that elicits a reflexive response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
Define: conditioned response
-response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning: extinction
-gradual disappearance of CR after CS is repeatedly presented without US
Classical conditioning: higher-order conditioning
-a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being associated with an already established CS
Classical conditioning: counterconditioning
-gradual disappearance of CR by pairing the CS with a stimulus that elicits an incompatible response
Classical conditioning: stimulus generalization
-stimulus similar to the CS come to elicit similar CR
Classical conditioning: stimulus discrimination
-stimulus similar to the CS will elicit different CR
Classical conditioning appears to be an evolutionary adaptation that allows an organism…..
-to prepare for a biologically important event
Classical conditioning plays an important role in…
- learned fears and phobias
- positive emotional responses
- acquired tastes and odors
- reactions to stimuli associated with medical treatments
- reactions to placebos
Operant conditioning is associated with the work of…
-B.F. Skinner
Define: operant conditioning
-when a response is more or less likely to occur depending on its consequences
Operant conditioning: extinction
-when a behavior is no longer followed by the consequence that reinforced it
Operant conditioning: stimulus generalization
-stimuli that resemble those present in original learning elicit similar responses
Operant conditioning: stimulus discrimination
-responses occur in the presence of one stimulus but not to stimuli that resemble those originally present (they differ on some dimension)
What are the 2 different schedules of reinforcement?
- continuous reinforcement
- intermittent schedule of reinforcement
What type of reinforcement leads to fastest learning?
-continuous reinforcement
What type of reinforcement makes a response resistant to extinction?
-intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Shaping is used to train behaviors through reinforcement of ____________ until the desired behavior occurs.
-successive approximation
