Chapter Six: Classification - Vertebrates

Question 1

Skeleton of an Echinoderm

Answer 1

• calcium plate
• protruding spines
• pedicelleriae around base of each spine, keeps body surface free of debris

Question 2

Types of Echinoderms (5)

Answer 2

1. Sea lilies
2. Sea cucumbers
3. Brittle stars
4. Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
5. Sea Stars

Question 3

Echinoderm Locomotion

Answer 3

Tube feet (water vascular system)

Question 4

Echinoderm Digestion

Answer 4

• filter feeders
• enters bivalve in tube feet, throught the cardiac stomach, where it releases enzymes, and digestion is completed in the pyloric stomach
• short intestine, anus on upper surface

Question 5

Water Vascular System

Answer 5

• network of water filled canals

- water enters anal side, circulates throughout each arm, pumped to each tube foot; creating suction

Question 6

Echinoderm symmetry

Answer 6

Radial

Question 7

Echinoderm Nervous System

Answer 7

• central nerve ring branches off in each arm

- eyespot at tip of each arm

Question 8

Echinoderm Reproduction

Answer 8

• separate sexes
• sexual and asexual
• gonads produce gametes, dipleura larva produced

Question 9

Developments of Echinoderms from Larva to Adult

Answer 9

• metamorphosis
• bilateral free swimming larva
• sissile/sedentary adult

Question 10

Four Structures Found in All Chordates

Answer 10

1. Notochord: dorsal rod for support
2. Dorsal tubular nerve chord: contains a canal filled with fluid, protected by the spinal column
3. Pharyngeal pouches: become gills in invertebrates and sensory organs in vertebrates
4. Post-anal tail

Question 11

Bone vs Cartilage

Answer 11

-bone more structural and rigid; cartilage more flexible and sensitive, acts as a shock absorber

Question 12

Tunicate Digestion

Answer 12

Filter feeders.

Question 13

Why are Tunicates Considered Chordates?

Answer 13

Larva displays all four chordate characteristics, adults only have a pharynx and gill slits

Question 14

Structure of a Tunicate (3)

Answer 14

• outer tunic (TUNICate)
• two siphons which squirt water
• sac-like

Question 15

Chordate Characteristics of an Adult Lancelet

Answer 15

1. Notochord
2. Dorsal tubular nerve chord - branches
3. Pharynx
4. Tail

Question 16

Five Distinguishing Features of Vertebrates

Answer 16

1. Living endoskeleton or cartilage or bone
2. Closed circulatory system with pumping heart
3. Paired appendages
4. Efficient respiration and excretion of water
5. High degree of cephalization with well-developed sense organs

Question 17

Three Groups of Fish

Answer 17

1. Cartilaginous
2. Jawless
3. Bony

Question 18

Evolution of Fish Jaws

Answer 18

• evolved from first pair of gill arches

- second pair form structural support for jaws, allow for predatory way of life

Question 19

Adaptation of Fish for Life in Water

Answer 19

• sperm and eggs released into water

- zygote develops into swimming larval form

Question 20

Method of Feeding for Jawless Fish

Answer 20

• scavengers (hagfish)

- parasitic (lampreys) - mouth forms sucker, attaches to other fish and water moves directly in and out of gills

Question 21

Method of Feeding for Cartilaginous Fish

Answer 21

• predators: senses electrical currents in water
• lateral line system allows them to sense ocean currents caused by prey
• excellent sense of smell

Question 22

Locomotion of Bony Fish (4)

Answer 22

• ray-finned; paired fins supported by bony rays
• swim bladder (buoyancy organ)
• streamlined body shape
• skin covered by bony epidermal scales

Question 23

Circulation and Respiration of Bony Fish

Answer 23

• water enters through gills, exits through mouth. Pumped by operculum
• lobed-finned fish had lungs

Question 24

Circulatory System of Amphibians

Answer 24

• 3-chambered heart: 2 atria and a ventricle, blood mixes with ventricle
• L oxygenated, R deoxygenated
• ectothermic

Question 25

Metamorphic Cycle of Amphibians

Answer 25

- larva stages in water - adult on land - reproduction in water

Question 26

Locomotion of Amphibians

Answer 26

- tetrapods | - jointed appendages

Question 27

Key Features of Reptiles (6)

Answer 27

- 3-chambered heart: incomplete division of ventricles - amniotic egg - tetrapods - ectothermic - well-developed sense organs - theorized ancestors of birds: "feathered reptiles"

Question 28

Adaptations of Birds for Flight (5)

Answer 28

1. 4-chambered heart 2. endothermic 3. system of air sacs and respiratory tract 4. forelimbs modified as wings for flight 5. well-developed nervous system and sense organs

Question 29

Other Key Features of Birds

Answer 29

- amniote egg | - ritualized courtship, young require parental care

Question 30

Lobe Fin

Answer 30

-adaptation of fleshy appendage for locomotion on land

Question 31

Three Features that Aid in Classification of Birds

Answer 31

1. Beak and foot type 2. Habitat 3. Behaviour

Question 32

Four General Characteristics of Mammals

Answer 32

1. Hair 2. Mammary Glands 3. Endothermic 4. Efficient Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Question 33

Circulation of Mammals

Answer 33

- endothermic - hair provides insulation - 4-chambered heart - two separate systems for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 34

Reproduction of Mammals

Answer 34

- mammary glands (allow care for young without having to leave them) - internal development

Question 35

Three Groups of Mammals

Answer 35

1. Monotremes: cloaca and common urogential opening; lays eggs 2. Marsupials: development begins internally, born prematurely and completed in a pouch 3. Placentals: Extraembryonic membranes

Question 36

How are Mammals Adapted for Life on Land? (6)

Answer 36

1. Well-developed brain and sense organs 2. Limbs that allow rapid movement 3. Expanding lungs; rib cage and diaphragm 4. Endothermic 5. Hair insulates body 6. 4-chambered heart