Chapter Ten: Reproductive Behavior

Question 1

what is the red queen hypothesis

Answer 1

populations are always evolving even just to maintain the current adaptation (stabilizing selection)

Question 2

why are clones of fish so vulnerable to parasites

Answer 2

if a parasite can kill one of them, it can kill all of them

Question 3

what is the main value of sex

Answer 3

genetic diversity

Question 4

genetic diversity is critical for ___ and ___

Answer 4

adaptation and survival

Question 5

term that means two different size gametes for male and female

Answer 5

anisogamy

Question 6

anisogamy leads to different ___

Answer 6

selective pressures

Question 7

each sex has a different gamete strategy that allows it to maximize ___

Answer 7

reproductive success

Question 8

for the small/fast gamete, selection favors ___ number of offspring and ___ parental investment

Answer 8

high
low

Question 9

for the large/nutritional gamete, selection favors ___ number of offspring and ___ parental investment

Answer 9

low
high

Question 10

differences in ____ between sexes may arise from differences in parental investment

Answer 10

sexual behavior

Question 11

different reproductive rates lead to different ____

Answer 11

optimal behaviors

Question 12

a low parental investment leads to a ____ potential reproductive rate and therefore ____ levels of sexual activity

Answer 12

high
high

Question 13

a high parental investment leads to a ____ potential reproductive rate and therefore ____ levels of sexual activity

Answer 13

low
low

Question 14

effort invested in young at the expense of other offspring

Answer 14

parental investment

Question 15

what is a fertility cost

Answer 15

a female’s reproductive rate and success is limited by the number of eggs produced

Question 16

what is a mating cost

Answer 16

a male’s reproductive rate and success is limited by the number of females he can find and mate with

Question 17

what is a male-biased operational sex ratio

Answer 17

one in which there are more males ready to mate than females (males have a mating cost and females have a fertility cost)

Question 18

in a male-biased operational sex ratio, which is the choosy sex? which is the sex that competes for mates?

Answer 18

females are the choosy sex
males compete for mates

Question 19

when would you expect males to be the choosy sex?

Answer 19

when more females are ready to mate than males

Question 20

example of a species in which males are the choosy sex

Answer 20

mormon crickets

Question 21

why do male Mormon crickets pay a higher fertility cost

Answer 21

produce a spermatophore that includes sperm and nutrients for the female
male only mates once, female mates more than once
female-biased sex ratio

Question 22

what kind of factors influence individual survival

Answer 22

good habitat, foraging ability, anti-predator behavior, etc.

Question 23

how can traits evolve that make it difficult for an animal to forage or escape from a predator?

Answer 23

if the trait increases reproductive success, even if it decreases survival

Question 24

what is Zahavi’s handicap principal

Answer 24

elaborate plumage handicaps a male, so the ability to survive with it is an honest signal to potential mates

Question 25

natural selection for traits that could decrease survival but increase reproductive success because they help you acquire a mate

Answer 25

sexual selection

Question 26

sexual selection traits come with ____

Answer 26

trade-offs

Question 27

in dung beetles, growing a bigger horn requires a trade off of ____

Answer 27

a smaller eye

Question 28

four ways in which females try to control reproductive decisions

Answer 28

1. egg investment 2. mate choice 3. egg fertilization 4. offspring investment

Question 29

what materials and how much off them to place in an egg

Answer 29

egg investment

Question 30

which male or males will be granted the right to mate with her

Answer 30

mate choice

Question 31

which sperm to use to fertilize each egg

Answer 31

egg fertilization

Question 32

how much maintenance and care goes to each embryo and offspring

Answer 32

offspring investment

Question 33

four ways in which males try to control reproductive decisions

Answer 33

1. resources transferred to female 2. elaborate courtship 3. sexual coercion 4. infanticide

Question 34

male to male (or non-choosy sex to non-choosy sex) competition is known as

Answer 34

intrasexual competition

Question 35

in intrasexual selection, males battle and the winner ____

Answer 35

gets to mate with the female

Question 36

there is a strong relationship between ___ and ___ in intrasexual selection

Answer 36

fight success and reproductive success

Question 37

female choice is known as

Answer 37

intersexual selection

Question 38

a male can bring a female a _____ to try and get her to mate with him

Answer 38

nuptial gift

Question 39

two examples of a nuptial gift

Answer 39

food and terminal mating

Question 40

male balloon flies give ___, ____, or ____ to females

Answer 40

food, food wrapped in silk, or an empty silk balloon

Question 41

what is terminal mating

Answer 41

mate and then die

Question 42

what does the male redback spider do after mating; why is this beneficial

Answer 42

he crawls into her mouth and she eats him; she gets a meal and nobody else can mate with her because he administers a plug

Question 43

if a male doesn't give the female material benefits, what does she get in return for choosing him to mate with?

Answer 43

healthy mates good genes

Question 44

females prefer traits that are indicative of male ___ and ___

Answer 44

health and viability

Question 45

three alternative mating strategies for males that are not the top dog

Answer 45

1. make friends 2. premature ejaculation 3. satellite mating

Question 46

females may mate with a non-dominant ___

Answer 46

friend

Question 47

male friends may ____ on dominant male

Answer 47

gang up

Question 48

species in which making friends can help non-dominant males mate

Answer 48

baboons

Question 49

premature ejaculation decreases _____

Answer 49

copulatory time

Question 50

three strategies for satellite mating

Answer 50

1. intercept female on her way to the dominant male 2. sneak in while female is with dominant male 3. mimic a female so that you can get close and then try to mate

Question 51

bluegill fish are ____ fertilizers

Answer 51

external

Question 52

dominant bluegill male ____ sneaker male ____ satellite male ____

Answer 52

guards nest to attract females slips in between spawning pair to add sperm of his own mimics female and slips between her and dominant male, dominant male thinks he's mating two females

Question 53

a hereditary alternative mating strategy should be ___ and reproductive success should be ___

Answer 53

genetically constrained equal

Question 54

a conditional alternative mating strategy should be ___ and reproductive success should be ___

Answer 54

environmentally induced different

Question 55

what are the three reproductive strategies used by scorpionfly males

Answer 55

guard food, saliva gift, and force

Question 56

reproductive success for scorpionfly males is higher when they guard food compared to the other two strategies, making it a _____ strategy

Answer 56

conditional

Question 57

three phenotypes for sponge isopod males

Answer 57

alpha, beta, gamma

Question 58

sponge isopod phenotypes have equal reproductive success, making it a ____ strategy

Answer 58

hereditary

Question 59

sperm competition is only seen when ____

Answer 59

females commonly mate with more than one male

Question 60

two methods of sperm competition

Answer 60

1. make more/better sperm 2. internal mechanisms

Question 61

two examples of internal mechanisms for sperm competition

Answer 61

1. penis scrub brush to remove previously ejaculated sperm from a different male 2. cloaca pecking to make female eject previous sperm from a different male

Question 62

mate guarding occurs when _____

Answer 62

female is likely to mate again or females are scarce

Question 63

three methods of mate guarding

Answer 63

1. literally guard her 2. hold on to her 3. seal genitalia with secretions or plugs