Chapter Three

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

Examines our physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan

Question 2

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 2

Comparing people of different ages

Question 3

Longitudinal Studies

Answer 3

Following people across time

Question 4

Enviornment

Answer 4

Every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to social support later in life

Question 5

Epigenetics

Answer 5

Study of the molecular ways by which enviornments can influence gene expression (without a DNA change)

Question 6

Zygote

Answer 6

Fertilized egg that enters a two-week period of rapid cell divsion and develops into an embryo

Question 7

Teratogen

Answer 7

An agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 8

Physical and mental function deficits in children cause by their birth mother’s heavy drinking

Question 9

Critical Period

Answer 9

Period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development

Question 10

Cognition

Answer 10

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 11

What developmental study did Lawerence Kohlberg heavily contribute to

Answer 11

Moral development

Question 12

Preconventional Morality (Lawerence Kohlberg)

Answer 12

Self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Question 13

Conventional Morality (Lawerence Kohlberg)

Answer 13

Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Question 14

Postconventional Morality (Lawerence Kohlberg)

Answer 14

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles

Question 15

What developmental study did Eric Erikson heavily contribute to

Answer 15

Psychosocial development

Question 16

Basic Trust (Eric Erikson)

Answer 16

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

Question 17

Autonomy (Eric Erikson)

Answer 17

Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves

Question 18

Initiative (Eric Erikson)

Answer 18

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans

Question 19

Competence (Eric Erikson)

Answer 19

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks

Question 20

Identity (Eric Erikson)

Answer 20

One’s sense of self

Question 21

Social Identity (Eric Erikson)

Answer 21

“We” aspect of one’s self concept

Question 22

Intimacy (Eric Erikson)

Answer 22

The ability to form emotionally close relationships

Question 23

Generativity (Eric Erikson)

Answer 23

Middle-aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world

Question 24

What developmental study did Jean Piaget heavily contribute to

Answer 24

Cognitive Development

Question 25

Four Major Stages (Jean Piaget)

Answer 25

Sensormotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 26

Sensorimotor Stage (Jean Piaget)

Answer 26

Babies take in the world through their senses and actions - through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping

Question 27

Object Permance (Sensormotor Stage(Jean Piaget))

Answer 27

Awareness that things continue to exist, even when not perceived

Question 28

Preoperational Stage (Jean Piaget)

Answer 28

Able to represent things with words and images, but too young to perform mental operation

Question 29

Egocentrism (Preoperational Stage(Jean Piaget))

Answer 29

A child's difficulty in taking another's point of view

Question 30

Concrete Operational Stage (Jean Piaget)

Answer 30

Given concrete (physical) materials, children begin to grasp more complex concepts, such as spatial and mathematical relationships

Question 31

Conservation (Jean Piaget)

Answer 31

Properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shape

Question 32

Formal Operational Stage (Jean Piaget)

Answer 32

Reasoning expands to include abstract thinking, not just concrete reasoning based on actual experiences

Question 33

Schema (Jean Piaget)

Answer 33

Concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 34

Assimilation (Jean Piaget)

Answer 34

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas

Question 35

Accommodation (Jean Piaget)

Answer 35

Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information

Question 36

Tempermant

Answer 36

Emotional excitability

Question 37

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 37

Fear of strangers that infants commonly display

Question 38

Attachment

Answer 38

Emotional tie with another person

Question 39

Anxious Attachment

Answer 39

In which people constantly crave acceptance but remain alert to signs of possible rejection

Question 40

Avoident Attachment

Answer 40

In which people experience discomfort getting close to others and tend to keep their distance

Question 41

Authoritarian

Answer 41

Coercive, set rules and expect obedience

Question 42

Permissive

Answer 42

Unrestraining making few demands and using little punishment

Question 43

Neglectful

Answer 43

Uninvolved, neither demanding nor responsive. Careless, inattenive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children

Question 44

Authoritative

Answer 44

Confrontive, both demanding and responsive. Exert control by setting rules, encourage open disscussion and allow exceptions

Question 45

Puberty

Answer 45

Period of sexual maturation

Question 46

Emerging Adulthood

Answer 46

Period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties No longer adolescents, but have not yet achieved full independence as adults May involve living with and still being emotionally dependent on parents

Question 47

Menopause

Answer 47

The end of menostration

Question 48

Social Clock

Answer 48

Culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement