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Human Growth and Development > Chapter Three: Infancy > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal Monitor

A

A device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during labor

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2
Q

Episiotomy

A

An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

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3
Q

Dilate

A

Make or become wiser, larger, or more open

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4
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts

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5
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Any of a group of cyclic fatty acid compounds with varying hormone like effects, notable the promotion of uterine contractions

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6
Q

Cervix

A

The narrow neck-like passage forming the lower end of the uterus

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7
Q

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

A

Intermittent weak contractions of the uterus occurring during pregnancy

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8
Q

Term Baby

A

Born anytime from 37 weeks to 42 weeks, a few weeks before or after the calculated due date

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9
Q

Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 1 Month

A

Mental Scale: the infant quiets when picked up

Motor Scale: the infant makes a postural adjustment when put to examiner’s shoulders

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10
Q

Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 2 Months

A

Mental Scale: when examiner presents two objects (bell and rattle) above the Infant in a crib, the Infant glances back and forth from one to another
Motor Scale: the Infant holds holds his or her head steady when being carried about in a vertical position

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11
Q

Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 5 Months

A

Mental Scale: the infant is observed to transfer an object from one hand to the other during play
Motor Scale: when seated at a feeding-type table and presented with a sugar pill that is out of reach, the Infant attempts to pick it up

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12
Q

Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 8 Months

A

Mental Scale: when an object in plain view of the Infant is covered by a cup, the Infant removes the cup to retrieve the object
Motor Scale: the Infant raises herself or himself into a sitting position

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13
Q

Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 12 Months

A

Mental Scale: the Infant imitates words that are spoken by the examiner
Motor Scale: when requested by the examiner, the Infant stands up from a position in which she or her had been lying on her or his back on the floor

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14
Q

Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 14-16 Months

A

Mental Scale: the Infant builds a tower with two cubes after the examiner demonstrates the behavior
Motor Scale: the Infant walks alone with good coordination

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15
Q

Baby Blues

A

Maternal depression
About 4 in 5 mothers
Symptoms:
Feeling let down; crying for no apparent reason; impatience, irritability, restlessness, anxiety
Occurs in first weeks and disappears on its own

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16
Q

Postpartum Depression (PPD)

A

Maternal Depression
About 1 in 5 mothers
Symptoms: frequent sadness, crying helplessness, thoughts of suicide, anxiety, panic, feelings of inadequacy, quilt, shame; changes in appetite; insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue; lack of feeling for baby or excessive concern for baby; irritability; difficulty concentrating; frightening feelings, thoughts, images, loss of interest in sex
Occurs within days of delivery or gradually during the first year

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17
Q

Postpartum Psychosis

A

Maternal depression
About 1 in 1,000 mothers
Symptoms: hallucinations; severe insomnia; agitation; bizarre feelings or behavior
Occurs within a few weeks after delivery; an emergency that requires help

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18
Q

Neonates

A

The term used for newborn

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19
Q

Cesarean Section

A

A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal

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20
Q

Anoxia

A

A restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce cognitive defects

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21
Q

Preterm Infants

A

Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (also known as premature infants)

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22
Q

Bonding

A

Close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth

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23
Q

Apgar Scale

A

A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns (see chart)

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24
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A 
Used to measure neonates’ reflexes and other behavior patterns
Motor behavior
Response to stress
Adaptive behavior
Control over physiological state
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25
Q

Reflexes

A

Simple, automatic, stereotypical responses elicited by certain types of stimulation

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26
Q

Visual Impairment

A

A difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness

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27
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

A

The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming

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28
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

The unexplained death of a seemingly heathy baby

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29
Q

Midwife

A

A person trained to assist women in childbirth

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30
Q

Anesthetic

A

A substance that induces insensitivity to pain

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31
Q

General Anesthesia

A

Anesthesia that affects the whole body and usually induced a loss of consciousness

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32
Q

Local Anesthesia

A

Anesthesia that affects a restricted area of the body

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33
Q

Natural Childbirth

A

Childbirth with minimal medical or technological intervention, usually involving special breathing and relaxation techniques

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34
Q

Lamaze Method

A

A method of childbirth involving exercises and breathing control to give pain relief without drugs

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35
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

36
Q

Breech Birth

A

A delivery of a baby so positioned in the uterus that the buttocks or feet are delivered first

37
Q

Vernix

A

A greasy deposit covering the skin of a baby at birth

38
Q

Respiratory Disease Syndrome

A

A condition in newborn babies in which the lungs are deficient in surfactant, preventing their proper expansion and causing the formation of hyaline material in the lung spaces

39
Q

Incubator

A

An enclosed apparatus providing a controlled environment for the care and protection of premature or unusually small babies

40
Q

Postpartum

A

Following childbirth or the birth of young

41
Q

Neonate Reflexes

A

Demonstrate the neural functioning of neonate
Absence or weakness of a Reflex may indicate immaturity, slowed responsiveness, brain injury, or retardation
Rooting reflex, Moro reflex, grasping reflex, babinski reflex, tonic-neck reflex

42
Q

Pacifier

A

A rubber or plastic nipple for a baby to suck on

43
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Baby turns head and mouth toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek, chin, or corner of the moth; important for locating mother’s nibble in preparation for sucking; can be lost if not stimulated

44
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Back arches, and the legs and arms are flung out and then brought back towards the chest, with the arms in a hugging motion; can be elicited when baby’s position is changed or when support for the head and neck is lost; can be elicited by loud noises bumping the baby’s crib, or jerking the baby’s blanket; lost within 6 to 7 months after birth; absence of Moro Reflex indicates immaturity or brain damage

45
Q

Grasping Reflex (Palmar Reflex)

A

Refers to the increasing tendency to reflexively grasp fingers or other objects pressed against the palms of hand; babies support their own weight this way

46
Q

Stepping Reflex

A

Mimics walking; demonstrates 1-2 days after birth and disappears 3-4 months of age

47
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Occurs when underside of foot form heel to toes is stroked; toes are fanned or spread

48
Q

Tonic-Neck Reflex

A

Observed when baby is lying on its back and turns head from one side

49
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 24 Months

A

Vocabulary more than 50 words, naming everything in the environment.
Spontaneous creation of two-word sentences.
Clear efforts to communicate.

50
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 18 Months

A

Repertoire of 3-50 words.
Explosive vocabulary growth.
Babbling consists of serval syllables with intricate intonation.
Little effort to communicate information.
Little joining of words into spontaneous two-word utterances.
Understands nearly everything spoken.

51
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 12 Months

A

Identical sound sequences replicated more often.
Words (e.g. mamma or dada) emerge.
Many words and requests understood (e.g., “Show me your eyes”).

52
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 10 Months

A

Vocalizations mixed with sound play, such as gurgling, bubble blowing.
Makes effort to imitate sounds made by older people with mixed success.

53
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 8 Months

A 
Continuous repetition (reduplication) enters into babbling.
Patterns of intonation become distinct.
Utterances can signal emphasis and emotion.
54
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 6 Months

A

Cooing changes to single-syllable babbling.
Neither vowels nor consonants have fixed pattern of recurrence.
Common utterances sound somewhat like ma, mu, da, or di.

55
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 20 Weeks

A

Cooing becomes interspersed with consonant-like sounds.

Vocalizations differ from the sounds of mature language.

56
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 16 Weeks

A

Responds to human sounds more definitely.
Turns head, searching for speaker.
Chuckles occasionally.

57
Q

Milestones is Language Development: 12 Weeks

A

Cries less.
Smiles when talked to and nodded at.
Engages in squealing and gurgling sounds (cooing).
Sustains cooing for 15-20 seconds.

58
Q

Milestones is Language Development: Birth

A

Cries

59
Q

States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Quiet Sleep (non-REM)

A

Regular breathing, eyes closed, no movement

60
Q

States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Active Sleep (REM)

A

Irregular breathing, eyes closed, rapid eye movement, muscle twitiches

61
Q

States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Drowsiness

A

Regular or irregular breathing, eyes open or closed, little movement

62
Q

States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Alert Inactivity

A

Regular breathing, eyes open, looking around, little body movement

63
Q

States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Alert Activity

A

Irregular breathing, eyes open, active body movement

64
Q

States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Crying

A

Irregular breathing, eyes open or closed, thrashing of arms and legs, crying

65
Q

Attachment

A

an affectional bond shown by seeking closeness with another and distress upon separation

66
Q

Seperation Anxiety

A

fear of separation from a target of attachment

67
Q

Secure Attachment

A

a type of attachment shown by mild distress at leave-takings and being readily soothed at reunion

68
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

a type of insecure attachment shown by apparent indifference to leave-takings and reunions with an attachment figure

69
Q

Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment

A

A type of insecure attachment shown by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure

70
Q

Indiscriminate Attachment

A

the display of attachment behaviors toward any person

71
Q

Initial Preattachment Phase

A

the first phase in development of attachment characterized by indiscriminate attachment

72
Q

Attachment-In-The-Making Phase

A

the second phase in development of attachment characterized by preference for familiar figures

73
Q

Clear-Cut Attachment Phase

A

the third phase in development of attachment characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver

74
Q

Contact Comfort

A

the pleasure derived from physical contact with another

75
Q

Ethologist

A

a scientist who studies the behavior patterns characteristic of various species

76
Q

Social Smile

A

a smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face

77
Q

Critical Period

A

a period during which imprinting can occur

78
Q

Imprinting

A

the process by which waterfowl become attached to the first moving object they follow

79
Q

Mutism

A

refusal to speak

80
Q

Echolalia

A

automatic repetition of sounds or words

81
Q

Social Referencing

A

using another person’s reaction to a situation to form one’s own response

82
Q

Emotional Regulation

A

techniques for controlling one’s emotional states

83
Q

Separation/Individuation

A

the process of becoming separate from and independent of the mother

84
Q

Temperament

A

individual difference in style of reaction that’s present early in life

85
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

agreement between parents’ expectations of a child and the child’s temperament

Human Growth and Development (6 decks)

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