Chapter One: Introduction Flashcards
Psychodynamic Perspective
behavior throughout life is motivated by inner unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, which over which we have little control.
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson
Behavioral Perspective
development can be understood through studying observable behavior and environmental stimuli
John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura
Cognitive Perspective
emphasis on how changes or growth in the ways people know, understand, and think about the world affect behavior.
Jean Piaget
Humanistic Perspective
behavior is chosen through free will and motivated by our natural capacity to strive to reach our full potential.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Contextual Perspective
development should be viewed in terms of the interrelationship of a person’s physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds.
Urie Bronfenbrenner and Lev Vygotsky
Evolutionary Perspective
behavior is the result of genetic inheritance from our ancestors; traits and behavior that are adaptive for promoting the survival of our species have been inherited through natural selection.
behavior patterns that help an organism to survive and reproduce are likely to be transmitted to they next generation
influenced by Charles Darwin
Konrad Lorenz
Freud’s Theory if Psychosexual Development
focused on emotional and social development
focused on the origins of psychological traits
three parts of the personality: Id, Ego, and the Superego
Id
present at birth; unconscious
represents biological drives
demands instant gratification
Ego
conscious sense of self
Seeks gratification but avoids social disapproval
Sugerego
conscious
monitors the intentions and behaviors of ego by allowing guilt and shame
Freud’s Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage
Freud’s Oral Stage
focus on oral activities such as suckling and biting during first year of life
Freud’s Anal Stage
focus on control and elimination of bodily waste products. Toilet training stage of life.
Freud’s Phallic Stage
focus on parent/child conflict over child’s personal sexual exploration
Freud’s Latency Stage
focus on schoolwork
sexual feelings remain unconscious
children play with same sex playmates
Freud’s Genital Stage
begins with biological changes in adolescence resulting in desire for intercourse
Contributions of Freudian Theory
stimulated various research areas
influenced how childcare workers approach infants, toddlers, and preschoolers
influenced teachers’ sensitivity to students’ emotional needs
influenced the stage models of other theorists such as Erikson
Limitations of Freudian Theory
theory developed from his interactions with adult patients (mostly women)
may have inadvertently guided patients’ reports to confirm his views
overemphasized basic instincts and unconscious motives
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
focused on development of emotional life, psychological traits, and self-identity
looked at importance of social relationships but focus was on the self (ego)
viewed physical maturation as major contributor to development
believed that early experiences affect future developments and/or accomplishments
successful resolution of early life crises bolster sense of identity
Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
1 - Trust v. Mistrust (age 1)
2 - Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt (ages 1-3)
3 - Initiative v. Guilt (ages 3-5)
4 - Industry v. Inferiority ( ages 6-12)
5 - Identity v. Confusion (ages 12-18)
6 - Intimacy v. Isolation (young adulthood)
7 - Generativity v. Self-Absorption (middle adulthood)
8 - Integrity v. Despair (late adulthood)
Contributions of Erikson’s Theory
emphasized importance of human consciousness and choice
portrayed human development as pro social and helpful
some empirical support that positive outcomes of early life crises help put us on path to positive development
