Chapter Two Flashcards
Person-Centered Humanistic Counseling
Strives for congruence between the real & ideal self. Its aim is to actualize a person’s full potential & increase trust in oneself.
Another major tenet of this theory is the belief that people naturally seek growth toward person & universal goals if they feel they have unconditional positive regard & relationships.
Abraham Maslow, Alfred Adler, & Carl Rogers.
Existential Counseling
Helps people find their unique meaning & purpose in the world. This type of counseling increases self-awareness & stresses the importance of “choice” in tough situations.
The focus is on the present & future, not the past.
Viktor Frankl
Adlerian Therapy
People are motivated by social interests & by striving toward goals. Life goals drive behavior.
This method emphasizes taking a person’s perspective & then altering it to yield productive results.
Psychoanalytic Counseling
Freud’s theory based on early life experiences of an individual. Unconscious motives & conflicts drive behavior.
The goal of this method is to make one aware of unconscious desires through interpretations.
Systems Therapy / Ecological Therapy
Individuals are viewed as part of a larger living system. Treatment of the entire family & various other systems is important in the therapeutic change process.
CBT
An intervention that is highly regarded & endorsed as best practice combined with FBA techniques. The CBT approach places an emphasis on a person’s belief system as the cause of many problems.
Faulty assumptions & misconceptions must be addressed through talk therapy & then modified through role-play or other active interventions.
Rational-Emotive Counseling
Emphasizes confrontational techniques regarding irrational beliefs.
It is not used with children in school, but it is very important to consider a person’s irrational beliefs within a counseling process.
Albert Ellis
Gestalt Therapy
Focuses on the wholesome & integration of thoughts, feelings, & actions. Thoughts, feelings, & actions are the three aspects of the human condition & all must be considered when helping children.
In this type of therapy, it is important to move a person from an external locus of control to an internal locus of control.
Reality Therapy / Cognitive Therapy
Centers on choices people make & how those choices are working for them.
The objectives are to have clients take charge of their own life by examining choices.
William Glasser
Doctor Phil uses this method because he always asks his clients, “how’s that working for you?”
Social Skills Training
Typically involves four processes: instruction, rehearsing, providing feedback or reinforcement, & reducing negative behaviors.
Modeling & role play are important techniques in this intervention.
Behaviorism
Positive reinforcement (rewards) is most effective in behavioristic interventions. If rewards or punishments are used, they must be given promptly after the behavior.
This is called the immediacy principle.
Additionally, rewards must be valued by the person to be effective.
Response Cost
An affective behavioral modification method. Response cost is the removal of an earned reward that usually reduces or modifies negative behaviors.
For example, a student who throws food in the cafeteria must give up recess by cleaning up the mess. If the student is required to clean not only his or her food but also must help clean the entire area, this is called “overcorrection.”
Self-Dialogue / Self-Talk
It’s a cognitive approach to changing behavior. It is vital to understand what a student is saying to himself or herself before, during, & after an undesirable act.
Changing self-talk can modify a certain behavior.
Capacity Approach Model
The use of positive reinforcement in the classroom. There is a strong movement to support & use a child strength as much as possible.
Accommodations
Refer to changes in the environment without changing the task, such as letting a student use a quiet room to take a test.
Modification
Changing the task standard so the student can perform.
For example, a student who has difficulty with writing might be allowed to complete half the number of questions than his or her peers.
A Heuristic
Is a tool used in problem solving & is based on reducing the number of factors to consider.
Systematic Desensitization
Is a well-known behavioral technique that is typically associated with helping people with various irrational fears.
Learned Helplessness
Describe the behavior that results from the belief that one cannot control the events in one’s environment
People with a learned helplessness belief are prone to depression, fatalistic perspectives, low self-esteem, & low achievement.
People who believe events happen to them with little control have an external, not internal control orientation.
Students with an internal locus of control are typically more successful in school.
Theory of the Mind
Refers to when a person begins to understand that people have their own private thoughts, perspectives, & feelings.
This is associated with autism.
Specific Learning Disability (SLD)
Is an umbrella term that encompasses several types of learning disabilities.
Dysgraphia
A diagnostic term for writing disability.
This is sometimes referred to as a transcription disability, meaning that it is a writing disorder associated with impaired handwriting, orthographic coding, & difficulty organizing thoughts to write.
Students with this disability have substantial trouble writing cogent sentences, paragraphs, &/or papers.
Dyscalculia
A diagnostic term for mathematical disorders.
Students with mathematical or quantitative reasoning difficulties may have this disorder.
Test frequently employed to discern dyscalculia are the Key Math Test & spatial & working memory subtest from various cognitive ability test.
Dyslexia
A diagnostic term for reading disorders.
Schools rarely use this term on an IEP & instead use “reading difficulties,” or specific learning disability (SLD).
Most reading problems are linked to a phonological processing dysfunction.
Proper assessments of dyslexia involve assessment of phonological processes (for example phonemic awareness, segmentation, & sound deletion). Simple word rate reading is an effective evaluation tool.
Reading difficulties are one of the most common reasons for special education & RTI referrals.
