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Psych 1115 > CHAPTER TWO PSYCH 1115 > Flashcards

CHAPTER TWO PSYCH 1115 Flashcards

1
Q

Plato

A

Mind is located in spherical head

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

Mind is found in heart

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3
Q

Gall

A

Phrenology reveals mental abilities and character traits

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4
Q

Neurons

A

are the elementary components of the nervous system—the body’s speedy electrochemical system.
A neuron receives signals through branching dendrites and sends signals through its axons.

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5
Q

axons

A

are encased in a myelin sheath, which enables faster transmission of the signal.

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6
Q

Glial cells

A

provide myelin and support, nourish, and protect neurons. They also play a role in thinking and learning. Glial cells do not send or receive nerve impulses. But they surround the neurons and hold them in place.

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7
Q

If a combined signal received by a neuron exceeds a minimum threshold, the neuron fires…

A

transmitting an electrical impulse down its axon through a chemical-to-electricity process.
The neuron’s reaction is an all-or-none process.

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells.

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9
Q

Synapse

A

is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron

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10
Q

refractory period

A

occurs right after you reach your sexual climax.

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers in the body.

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12
Q

reputake

A

reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal

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13
Q

The interior of the cell is…

A

more negative than the outside because of the high concentration of Sodium (Na+) ions in the fluid outside.

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14
Q

The internal difference of around -70 millivolts is called…

A

the resting potential.

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15
Q

At rest, the neuron is…

A

said to be in a state of polarization

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16
Q

The negative resting potential inside the axon needs to change from…

A

-70 mV to -55 mV for the action potential to be triggered, known as depolarization.

17
Q

This is the…

A

“All or None” principle

18
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) affects …

A

muscle action, learning, and memory.

19
Q

Endorphins are…

A

natural opiates released in response to pain and exercise.

20
Q

Agonist

A

Molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action

21
Q

Antagonist

A

Molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action

22
Q

central nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord are the body’s decision makers.

23
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor neurons connect the CNS to the rest of the body for gathering and transmitting information.

24
Q

sensory neurons

A

Carry messages from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the spinal cord and brain for processing.

25
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry instructions from the central nervous system out to the body’s muscles

26
Q

interneurons within the brain and spinal cord

A

Communicate with one another and process information between the sensory input and the motor output.

27
Q

Sympathetic subdivision

A

arouses and expends energy and enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles.

28
Q

Parasympathetic subdivision

A

calms and conserves energy, allowing routine maintenance activity, and controls involuntary muscles and glands.

29
Q

The adult brain has approximately

A

86 billion neurons.

30
Q

The brain accounts for

A

2 percent of body weight and uses 20 percent of the body’s energy.

31
Q

endocrine system

A

a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

32
Q

feedback system

A

Brain → pituitary→ other glands → hormones→ body and brain

33
Q

Medulla

A

located at the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

34
Q

Pons

A

sits above the medulla and helps coordinate movement

35
Q

Thalamus

A

The area at the top of the brainstem
Directs sensory messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Influences multitasking

36
Q

The Cerebellum

A

Aids in judgment of time, sound and texture discrimination, and emotional control

37
Q

The Limbic System

A

Sits between the brain’s older parts and its cerebral hemispheres
Neural centers include the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamusIs linked to emotions, memory, and drives
Controls the nearby pituitary gland

38
Q

The cerebral cortex

A

Two hemispheres

Each hemisphere has four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

39
Q

Areas in the frontal lobes enable…

A

judgment, planning, and processing of new memories

Psych 1115 (6 decks)

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