chapter1

Question 1

What are polysaccharides made from

Answer 1

Monomer sugars

Question 2

What do polysaccharides do?

Answer 2

Provide structural support & energy

Question 3

______, a polymer of galactose and sulfur-containing carbohydrates derived from seaweeds, is commonly used in the laboratory to prepare solid culture media.

Answer 3

Agar

Question 4

what poly saccharide is the most common and important hexose?

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

Table sugar, common sugar is called

Answer 5

sucrose

Question 6

monosaccharides and dissachrides are named how?

Answer 6

by a characteristic of the sugar + ose (pentose, sucrose, etc)

Question 7

what is agar classified as

Answer 7

a polysaccharide

Question 8

whats a peptidoglycan made from

Answer 8

a class of compounds where polysaccharides (glycans) are linked to peptide fragments (short chain of amino acids).

Question 9

what does a peptidoglycan do?

Answer 9

Provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell

Question 10

Polysaccharides contribute or serve which of the following?
a. energy stores
b. protection
c. nutrient stores
d. structural support
e. toxins
f. directors of mitosis

Answer 10

a. energy stores
b. protections
c. nutrient stores
d. structural support

Question 11

___ is a long fibrous polymer composed of glucose found in the cell walls of plants and algae

Answer 11

Cellulose

Question 12

whats a lipopolysaccharide made from?

Answer 12

a complex of lipid and polysaccharide

Question 12

whats a lipopolysaccharide responsible for symptoms of?

Answer 12

fever and shock

Question 13

t/f a lipopolysaccharide is a combination of phospholipids and proteins that reinforces the cell membrane.

Answer 13

F. it is a molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate (polysaccharides) found in the gram-negative cell wall

Question 14

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes are classified as
_____ , nonpolar hydrophobic macromolecules.

Answer 14

lipids

Question 15

A compound in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments that provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall is Blank______.

Answer 15

peptidoglycan

Question 16

what are the four main types of lipids?

Answer 16

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Question 17

what is a storage lipid

Answer 17

triglycerides

Question 18

whats a glycocalyx

Answer 18

The outter surfacce of many bacteria cells has a “sugar coating” composed of polysaccharides bound various ways to proteins (this combination is termed glycoprotein)This structure, called the glycocalx serves as protective outter layer and also plays a role in attachment of the cells to other cells or surfaces

Question 19

what role does the glycocalyx play

Answer 19

protective outter layer and also plays a role in attachment of the cells to other cells or surfaces

Question 20

glycocalyx vs glycoproteins

Answer 20

In summary, glycoproteins are individual molecules with carbohydrate attachments playing various roles in cell function, while the glycocalyx is a broader structure on the cell surface composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids, serving protective and adhesive functions.

Question 21

______ provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall.

Answer 21

peptidoglycan

Question 22

A class of ring-shaped compounds that are commonly identified as animal hormones and cell membrane components in animals and fungi is the

Answer 22

steroids / sterols

Question 23

a long-chain hydrocarbon molecule with a carboxyl group at one end

Answer 23

Fatty acid

Question 24

The predominant organic macromolecules in cells that are responsible for their structure, behavior, and unique qualities are

Answer 24

Protein

Question 25

Various terms denote chains of amino acids based on the size of the chains. Put the terms protein, peptide, and polypeptide in order from smallest to largest

Answer 25

peptide, polypeptide, protein

Question 26

chains of amino acids compromise

Answer 26

proteins

Question 27

t/f : the term protein is often used to describe peptides and polypeptides

Answer 27

true

Question 28

what is a peptide used to describe

Answer 28

short chain of amino acids, dipeptide (two amino acids) tripeptide (three a.a) or tetrapeptide (4 a.a.)

Question 29

how many amino acid units are in a polypeptide?

Answer 29

usually more than 20 but unspecified, polypeptides are a subunit of proteins

Question 30

how many amino acid units are in a protein

Answer 30

minimum of 50

Question 31

What is the primary structure of protein?

Answer 31

the type, number and order of amino acids in the chain (varies greatly protein to protein)

Question 32

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 32

2ndary arises when various functional groups (R-groups) exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds Interaction causes the amino acid chain to twist into coiled configuration = alpha helix or to fold into an accordion pattern = beta pleated sheet. Many proteins contain both types of secondary configurations

Question 33

explain tertiary structure

Answer 33

proeins at 2ndary level undergo a third degree of torsion, which is created by additional bonds between functional groups.

Question 34

explain quaternary structure

Answer 34

some complex proteins participate which mroe than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein.

Question 35

how many natural amino acids are there

Answer 35

20

Question 36

A protein biocatalyst for metabolic reactions in a cell is a(n)

Answer 36

enzyme

Question 37

The immune system produces complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are called

Answer 37

antibodies

Question 38

what are antibodies categorized as

Answer 38

glycoproteins

Question 39

where is the genetic code for an organisms heredity contained?

Answer 39

DNA found in the neuclous of eukaryotes

Question 40

The molecule that represents a copy of DNA's instructions, and that allows this information to be translated into protein, is

Answer 40

RNA

Question 41

Which type of immune system protein has specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms?

Answer 41

antibody

Question 42

The two strands of the DNA double helix are held to each other by Blank______ bonds.

Answer 42

hydrogen

Question 43

what are the components of a nucleotide?

Answer 43

Phosphate group, Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 44

DNA and RNA are composed of monomer units called

Answer 44

nucleotides

Question 45

DNA has a structure that is called

Answer 45

double helix

Question 46

what bonds are between the nitrogen bases of DNA

Answer 46

hydrogen

Question 47

what is the fundamental unit of life

Answer 47

cell

Question 48

membrane enclosed compartments that perform specific functions are found in ___ cells

Answer 48

Eukaryote (organelles)

Question 49

Classification, identification, nomenclature are the three primary concerns of ___ ____.

Answer 49

Modern Taxonomy

Question 50

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the ____ level of classificaiton

Answer 50

species

Question 51

The scheme that represents the natural relatedness (relation by descent) between groups of living beings is called their ____

Answer 51

phylogeny.

Question 52

The image shows three major groups of living things, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which are called

Answer 52

domains

Question 53

Which type of RNA, which is highly conserved among organisms, can be analyzed as a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness? Multiple choice question.

Answer 53

ribosomal dna