chapter3 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
T/F All bacterial cells possess a call wall
A
F : MOST exception (Mycoplasma (genus)) have none
2
Q
T/F All bacterial cells possess cytoplasmic membrane
A
TRUE
3
Q
DNA packing: Bacteria lack ____ and _____
A
nucleus and histones
3
Q
T/F all bacteria cells possess a glycocalyx sugar coat
A
F : MOST do
4
Q
prokaryotes cell wall is made of ______
A
petidoglycan
5
Q
T/F Bacterial cells lack ribosomes and other membrane bound organelles
A
F : they lack membrane bound organelles but HAVE ribosomes
6
Q
T/F bacterial cells have no endoplasmic reticulum
A
T : they lack membrane bound organelles
7
Q
T/F ALL bacteria possess Flagella
A
false SOME
8
Q
T/F ALL bacteria possess pili
A
FALSE SOME
9
Q
T/F All bacteria contain cytoplasm
A
true
10
Q
T/F All bacteria contain ribosomes
A
true
11
Q
T/F All bacteria contain cytoskeleton
A
true
12
Q
T/F All bacteria contain one or a few chromosomes
A
true
13
Q
T/F All bacteria contain an outer membrane
A
false - some
14
Q
T/F all bacteria contain nanowires/nanotubes
A
false - SOME
15
Q
what are nanowires/nanotubes
A
very small structure extensions that allow bacteria to transport nutrients, electrons onto surfaces or other bacteria
16
Q
T/F All bacteria contain plasmids
A
false- some
17
Q
T/F all bacteria contain inclusions
A
false - some
18
Q
T/F All bacteria contain endospores
A
F - some
19
Q
T/F All bacteria contain microcompartments
A
false - some
20
Q
what are micro-compartments
A
little aggregates of proteins stock pile enzymes etc in cytoplasm
21
Q
Whats a Pleomorphic Genus bacteria
A
pleomorphic refers to organisms, particularly bacteria, that can have multiple shapes or forms. Instead of being a single, consistent shape, pleomorphic bacteria can vary in size and shape depending on their environment or growth conditions. This characteristic helps them adapt to different environments.
22
Q
Example of pleomorphic Genera (5)
A
Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus
23
Q
what genus lacks a cell wall
A
Mycoplasma
24
Rickettsia and Chlamydia genus are gram + or -
gram -
25
Haemophilus is gram - or +
gram +
26
Haemophilus is what shape and arrangment
cocobacillus
27
bacteria function as independent single-celled _____ organisms
unicellular
28
whats biofilms
unicellular bacteria that act as a group are called colonies
29
what do nanotubes allow bacteria to do
some bacteria communicate through
30
baceteria have an average size of
1um (micron)
31
1 um = ? mm
1000 Um = 1 mm so 1um = .001 mm
32
cocci have a circumference of
1um
33
rods have a length of ___ and width of ___
length = 2um and width = 1um
34
example of pleomorphism
if left in incubator too long, used up all nutrients, cells would start to look different, change
35
variations in cell wall structure caused by slight genetic or nutritional diffrences
pleomorphism
36
If the cell is spherical or ball-shaped, the bacterium is called :
coccus/cocci
37
staphy refers to arrangment
clusters, also a genus
38
A cell that is cylindrical is termed
rod or bacillus
39
T/F bacillus is only a cellular shape
No also a genus Bacillus
40
T/f staphy is also a genus
True : Staphy
41
T/F Rods are not varied in their forms.
False: very varied based on species, blocked, sindle-shaped, round-ended, long adn thredlike (filamentous) or club shaped, drumstick - shaped
42
what are bacillus that are short and plump called?
coccobacillus
43
What bacterium is this and what is it called shape wise
cocobacillus - Legionella pneumophila
44
A bacterium having slightly curled or spiral shaped, corkscrew body is called
Spirillum
45
what bacterium is this and shape
spirillum, Campylobacter jejuni, usually found in aquatic environments, also human pathogen
46
what bacterium is this and shape
vibrio shape, called: Vibrio vulnificus, (gram -)
47
what bacterium is this and shape
spirochete, corkscrew shape
bacteria: spirochetes (gram -)
48
what gram is vulnificus
gram -
49
what gram is spirochete
gram -
50
what shape is vibrio
curved rod
51
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what shape is spirochete
corkscrew
53
difference between spirillum and spirochete?
spirillum:
shape - rigid, corkscew
flexibility - stiff
movement - move with flagella at both ends
Spirochete:
shape- spiral but thinner and longer
flexibilit - super flexible
movement: move using periplasmic flagella
54
bacteria that produce multiple branches off a basic rod structure are called
filaments
55
What bacteria and shape is this
Streptomyces (gram +) shape: filament
56
diplococci
pairs
57
tetrads
groups of 4
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streptococci
chain
58
staphylococci or micrococci
irregular clusters (grape like)
59
sarcina
cubal packet of 8, 16 or more
60
what are these bacterial arrangments
diplococci and streptococci
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what bacterial arrangments
Tetrads and sarcina
62
what bacterial arrangment
staphylococci
63
bacterial shape and arrangement
bacilli and palisades: cells of a chain remain partially attached by small hinge region at ends
64
Corynebacterium is what shape and arrangement
bacilli and palisades
65
whats palisades arrangement
cells of a chain remain partially attached by small hinge region at ends
66
Corynebacterium is what gram + -
gram +
67
Which of the following are possessed by some but not all prokaryotes?
A. Ribosomes
B. Cell membrane
C. one or more chromosomes
D. Flagella
Flagella
68
T/F spirilla are always found in short chains
false, occasionally
69
T/F spirochetes rarely remain attached after cell division
true
70
____ have an internal flagellum called endo or periplasmic flagelum
spirochetes
71
what is a polar arrangement of flagella?
Flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell
72
monotrichous (flagella arrangment)
(polar arrangement) one single flagellum
73
Lophotrichous (flagella arrangment)
(polar arrangement) small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site
74
amphitrichous (flagella arrangment)
(polar arrangement) flagella at both poles of the cell
75
Peritrichous (flagella arrangment)
flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
76
atrichous(flagella arrangment)
absence of flagella
77
chemotaxis
movement of bacteria in response to chemical signals
78
Negative chemotaxis
movement away from a reppelant
79
positivie chemotaxis
movement toward favorable chemical stimulus
80
Run
roation of flagellum counterclockwise, resulting in a smooth linear direction
81
tumble
reversal of the direction of the flagellum causing the cell to stop and change course
82
label the flagellar arrangements
monotrichous (single flagellum)
83
label the flagellar arrangements
peritritous
84
label the flagellar arrangements
Peri (flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell)
85
label the flagellar arrangements
Amphitrichous (flagella at both poles of the cell
86
t/f eukaryotic cells are also capable of rotating flagella clockwise or counter
false, completely different structure
87
Fimbria
small, bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of many bacterial cells
allow tight adhesion between fimbrae adn epithelial cells allowing bacterial to colonize and infect host (stick and adhere)
88
photo of
fimbria (stick adn adhere with tiny bristle like fibers)
89
Pilus/pili
can act as aconduite to transfer genes from bacteria cells to another
90
what type of pilus can transfer genetic material, act like fimbriae adn assist in attachment as well as make a bacterium motile?
Type IV pilus
91
_____ is used in conjugation between bacterial cells
pilus/pili
92
pilus and pili are well characterized in gram _ bacteria. Why is this?
gram negative bacteria, pilli often attach to outter membrane
93
very long, thing tubular extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane
nanotubes
94
nanotubes are used to
transfer amino acids, DNA nutrients between cells or to harvest energy by shuttling electrons
95
Conjugating process: _____ are longer than fimbriae bristles, the bacterial cell makes ____ and shoots it out to dock station of same species sends over some genetic material to recipient cell
pili
96
Where is the S layer in gram + vs gram -
in gram + it is cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, s layer, glycocalyx,
in gram - it is cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, outter membrane, s layer, glycocalyx
97
whats an s layer
Single layers of thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like tiny chain link fences
Only produced when bacteria are in a hostile environment
98
glycocalyx made of
Coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units
- sugar coating
(slime layer and capsule)
99
slime layer
loose, protects against loss of water and nutrients ,can make it more difficult to be ingested but not the same as a capsule
100
capsule
loose, protects against loss of water and nutrients
101
two types of glycocalyx
slime layer and capsule
102
image of encapsulated bacteria using ____ stain and ____ stain to show capsule
gram + and gram -
103
when you look at colonies that have mucoid or sticky texture they are called ____ _____ and usually capsulated cells.
smooth colonies. Other wise they are rough colonies and no capsule.
104
why have a glycocalyx
- assists in adhesion adn formation of biofilms
- keeps in nutrients and water
- protects from immune system greater pathogenic ability
105
explain the relationship between glycocalyx and biofilms
The glycocalyx contributes to the formation of biofilms by providing a protective and adhesive layer, helping microorganisms stick to surfaces and to each other. So while biofilms contain glycocalyx materials, they are broader structures formed by communities of cells rather than just a singular glycocalyx layer.
106
example of biofilms
plaque on teeth, protect bacteria from becoming dislodged,
resposible for persistent colonization of plastic catheters, IUDs, adn other implanted medial devices
107
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an example of ____ bacterial pathogen
encapsulated
gram +
streptococcus
108
Klebsiella pneumoniae
encapsulated pathogen
gram negative
rod
109
Haemophilus influenzae
encapsulated pathogen
Gram negative
coccobacillus
110
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
encapsulated pathogen
Gram negative
rod
111
Neisseria meningitidis
encapsulated pathogen
Gram negative
diplococcus
(gohnorea)
112
explain the steps of biofilm formation
113
what is included in the cell envelope?
Everything that lies outside of the cytoplasm (cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane (some))
composed of two or three basic layers that each perform a distinct function but together act as a single protective unit
114
what is a gram + cell
thick peptidoglycan layer no outer cell membrane (gram +, holds purple dye)
115
what is a gram - cell
thin peptidoglycan layer, has outer cell membrane (gram -, does not hold purple, counter dye dye shows pink)
116
_____ _____ helps determine the shape of a bacterium
cell wall
117
____ provides structueral support to keep the bacterium from bursing or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure
cell wall
118
certain drugs target the ____ disrupting its integrity and causing cell ____ (rupture of the cell )
cell wall, lysis
119
cell wall gains rigidity from ___
peptidoglycan
120
pepridoglycan is composed of repeating frame work of long ___ chains cross-linked by short ____ fragments
glycan(sugar) chains, peptide(protein).
121
penacyline knocks ut enzymes that connect glycines together in ____ causing cell to lyse.
peptoglycan cell wall causign cell to lyse
122
whats the thickness fo gram + cell wall
20-80 nm thick
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