CHAPTER11

Question 1

human microbiome

Answer 1

collection of microorganisms living on and inside the human body

Question 2

normal, resident microbiota

Answer 2

mo that can permanently colonize the body w/o causing disease under normal conditions

Question 3

transient microbiota

Answer 3

mo that temporarily live in or on the body but do not permanently stay

Question 4

infection

Answer 4

invasion and multiplication of mo within the bodyd

Question 5

disease

Answer 5

the condition caused by mo that disrupt normal body functions

Question 6

microbial antagonism

Answer 6

the competitive interaction between normal microbiota and pathogens that prevents infections

Question 7

pathogenicity

Answer 7

the ability of a mo to cause a disease

Question 8

true pathogens

Answer 8

organisms like the cold virus, influenza and malaria which can cause disease in healthy individuals

Question 9

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 9

mo that do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can cuase disease when the host’s defenses are compromised

Question 10

virulence

Answer 10

the degree of pathogenicity of an organism, including factors like virulence factors

Question 11

polymicrobial infections

Answer 11

infections caused by more than one microorganism, such as influenza and pneumococcal bacteria causing pneumonia

Question 12

portals of entry and exit

Answer 12

the pathways by which pathogens can exit and enter the body

Question 13

exotoxins

Answer 13

toxic proteins that can cause damage to host cells

Question 14

endotoxins

Answer 14

toxins that trigger inflammatory responses, esp in GN bacteria

Question 15

phases of infection

Answer 15

incubation, prodromal, acute, convalescence and latency

Question 16

carriers

Answer 16

individuals who harbor pathogens w/o showing symptoms but can transmit them

Question 17

three ways mo can damage hosts

Answer 17

direct damage

inducing an immune response

formation of biofilms

Question 18

Hemolysins

Answer 18

exotoxins that lyse RBCs, releasing hemoglobin, which can lead to anemia or contribute to spread of infection

Question 19

S/S of inflammation

Answer 19

Redness
Head
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

Question 20

leukocytosis

Answer 20

an increase in the number of WBCs, often a response to infection

Question 21

leukopenia

Answer 21

a decrease in the number of WBCs which can result from certain infections or immune system disorders

Question 22

septicemia

Answer 22

presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood, leading to a systemic inflammatory response. can progress to septic shock

Question 23

bacteremia/viremia

Answer 23

b- presence of bacteria in bloodstream
v- virus in blood stream

Question 24

asymptomatic

Answer 24

disease or infection that does not produce any symptoms

Question 25

subclinical

Answer 25

disease or infection with mild/unnoticed symptoms

Question 26

latency

Answer 26

refers to the time when a pathogen is present in the host but is not causing symptoms or signs of disease. can be reactivated later

Question 27

sequelae

Answer 27

long term or permanent effects that follow an acute disease

Question 28

incubation period

Answer 28

time between exposure to a pathogen and onset of symptoms

Question 29

prodromal stage

Answer 29

early stage of a disease when initial, mild symptoms appear

Question 30

acute phase

Answer 30

period during which a disease reaches its peak severity and symptoms are most intense

Question 31

convalescence phase

Answer 31

period of recovery after the acute phase where symptoms begin to subside and the body returns to normal function

Question 32

reservoir of a pathogen

Answer 32

natural habitat or source of a pathogen from which it can spread to new hosts

Question 33

carrier phase

Answer 33

individuals who harbor and can transmit a pathogen even though they do not show symptoms

Question 34

Zoonosis

Answer 34

refers to diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans

Question 35

communicable

Answer 35

disease transmitted from one host to another

Question 36

contagious

Answer 36

a communicable disease that is easily transmitted

Question 37

noncommunicable

Answer 37

a disease not transmitted from person to person

Question 38

etiologic agent

Answer 38

mo responsible for causing a disease