Chapter2 Flashcards
(43 cards)
(Whatyear )_______mentally ill were generally
viewed and treated much more unfavorably.
In many parts of the world, including much of the Western
Hemisphere, they were understood to be possessed by evil
spirits.
They were seen as deserving of their symptoms because of
some reprehensible action or characteristic.
They were frequently shunned by society and were
“treated” in institutions that resembled prisons more than
they did hospitals.
1700s and 1800s
a form of psychotherapy from the
19th century advocating humane
and ethical treatment was a
radical departure from the
prevailing practice at that time of
viewing the “insane” with
suspicion and hostility, confining
them in unsanitary conditions,
and routinely abusing them
through the use of such practices
as mechanical restraint, physical
punishment, and bloodletting
Moral Therapy
• He raised funds to open the York
Retreat, a residential treatment
center which focused on allowing
patients to live in a community,
partake in daily activities and not be
subjected to the brutality of the
commonplace asylum, all of which were
very rare in the treatment of lunatics at
that time.
William Tuke (1732–1822)
• He created new institutions in which
patients were not kept in chains or
beaten but, rather, were given
healthy food and benevolent
treatment.
• He advocated for the staff to include
in their treatment of each patient a
case history, ongoing treatment
notes, and an illness classification of
some kind.
Philippe Pinel (1745–
1826)
• He was able to raise funds to
open the first humane
treatment center in the US,
Connecticut Retreat for the
Insane in Hartford,
Connecticut, in 1824.
• In the 20th century, the
hospital was renamed the
Institute of Living and is known
by that name today.
Eli Todd (1762–1832)
• In 1841, ____ saw firsthand that
many of the inmates were there as a result of
mental illness or retardation rather than
crime.
• The first asylums funded through Dix’s
campaign began accepting patients in the
1830s, freeing scores of people from
restraints. With an approach that
incorporated elements of moral therapy,
superintendents strove for more than
humane custody; they sought to cure their
patients. There is evidence that many
patients improved and some even recovered.
Dorothea Dix (1802–1887)
• He founded the first psychological clinic
at the University of Pennsylvania, where
he had returned as a professor.
• also founded the first scholarly
journal in the field (called The
Psychological Clinic) in 1907. Witmer
authored the first article, titled “Clinical
Psychology,” in the first issue.
Lightner Witmer
• was an explorer and anthropologist known for his studies in
eugenics and human intelligence.
• The Anthropometric Laboratory was a laboratory established by. _______ to measure human characteristics.
• Some of the measuring devices include head spanners, craniometers, hair and eye colour reference samples, and a
hand dynamometer.
1882- Francis Galton
• was the first psychology professor in the United States, teaching at the University of Pennsylvania.
• There he established a laboratory and developed a series of mental measurement tests for college students.
1890 - James Mckeen Cattell
• was a French psychologist who played an important role in the development of experimental psychology.
• ________ and his colleague, Theodore Simon, began developing questions that focused on areas not explicitly taught in the classroom, such as attention, memory, and problemsolving
skills. Binet-Simon scale
1904 -Alfred Binet
• The test administrator says a
word to the patient. Then, the
patient must respond with the
first word that comes to mind.
The test administrator will
record the physiological
reaction to the stimulant word
• he concluded that words
causing disturbances must be
related to emotional complexes
1905- Carl Jung using word Association Method
• examination and description of the symptoms and
outcomes of mental illness formed the basis for his classification of psychiatric disorders into two main groups,
• __________, now called schizophrenia,
• ___________, now called bipolar disorder.
1913 - Emil Kraepelin publishes work on diagnosis
• The first wide-scale use of Terman’s
test occurred during the First World
War, where the test was adapted
and combined with other
assessments to form the Army
alpha (text-based) and Alpha-beta
(picture-based) tests
1916 - Lewis Terman’s American version of Binet scale
• he developed the inkblot test in
which the inkblots constitute optical
stimuli which, in the individual,
activates kinestetic pictures which are
being projected back into the inkblots.
• It is based upon man’s tendency to
projects interpretations and emotions
into ambiguous stimuli, in this case
inkblots.
1921 - Hermann Rorschach’s Psychodiagnostics is published
The Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT) is a psychological test that
assesses a person’s personality,
emotions, and motivations.
•It involves showing a series of
ambiguous pictures to a
participant and asking them to
create a story about each picture.
1935 Publication of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) by
Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray
What year the term projective techniques is coined?
1937
What year Wechsler - Bellevue Intelligence S scale is published?
,1939
• The MMPI was developed in 1937 by clinical psychologist
_______________ neuropsychiatrist ________ at the University of
Minnesota.
• It has 10 clinical scales that are used to indicate different
psychological conditions
1943 - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is
published.
Starke R. Hathaway
J. Charnley McKinley
• The __________ Neuropsychological Test Battery is a fixed set of eight tests used to evaluate brain and nervous system
functioning in individuals aged 15 years and older.
•It is typically used to evaluate
individuals with suspected brain
damage.
1949 - Halstead introduces neuropsychological test battery.
After World War II, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the 6th edition of International Classification of
Diseases (ICD-6), which had a section on mental disorders for the first time.
• The _______ became the first official manual and glossary of mental disorders with a focus on clinical use.
• The ______ centers around three classes of symptoms: psychotic, neurotic, and behavioral.
1952 -DSM-I is published
• The __________, published in 1968, was similar to DSM-I with its basis in psychoanalytic theory, but eliminated the term “reaction.”
•No longer listed homosexuality as a category of disorder. The diagnosis was replaced with the category of “sexual orientation disturbance”
1968 - DSM-II is published.
• The _______, published in 1980, initiated the
start of “modern psychiatric diagnosis.”
• Described diagnostic criteria for depression,
schizophrenia, anxiety neurosis and
antisocial personality disorder
• The ______ was responsible for ushering in
the biological psychiatry era by
standardizing diagnostic reliability. The
ability to reliably diagnose the same
disorders between clinicians made
randomized control trials for medications
and biological treatments much easier
1980 - DSM-III is published.
• The ______ was organized into a five-part axial system.
• Axis I provided information about clinical disorders, or
any mental condition.
• Axis II covered both Personality disorders and what
was referred to in DSM editions prior to DSM-V as
“mental retardation.
• Axis III covered medical conditions that could impact a
person’s disorder or treatment of a disorder
• Axis IV covered psychosocial and environmental
factors affecting the person.
• Axis V was the GAF, or global assessment of
functioning, which was basically a numerical score
between 0 and 100 that measured how much a
person
1994 - DSM-IV is published. 2000 – DSM IV TR is published
• Work on the ______ began in 2000,
with its publication finally occurring in
2013. One of the initial goals of the
DSM-5 was to finally include
biomarkers in its diagnostic criteria.
However, this did not become a
reality. The ______ was in general
criticized for expanding diagnostic
criteria and labels.
2013 - DSM-V is published. 2022 - DSM-V-TR is published.
