chapter2- basic component of living systems Flashcards by Jodie Hancock

how are mitochondria similar to prokaryotic cells and how does this provide evidence for endosymbiosis?

they have a double membrane, they have DNA genome inside them, are a similar size to prokaryotes, have 70s ribosomes

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what is endosymbiosis

when one bacterium engulfs another

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what does “pro” mean

without

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chloroplasts where once..

prokaryotes

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what does “eu” mean

true

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what is the difference between ribosomes in pro/eukayryotes?

pro- 70S (10-20nm diameter)
eu- 80S (22nm diameter)

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how is the genetic material organised in a prokaryote

genetic material is naked dna as it is not associated with protein, lipids, or any molecule to help protect it. there is no true nucleus and the DNA consists of chromosomal and the plasmid loop

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what are pili and what cells are they on?

prokaryotes and they are hair-like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces or mediate bacterial conjugation

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is a ribosome a membrane bound organelle

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are the rer and ser membrane bound organelles

yes

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what is the slime capsule?

polysaccharide layer used for protection against dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis

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what is the cell wall made put of in a prokaryote and what is its function

peptidoglycan, it is rigid and maintains shape and prevents lysis

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what do flagella do?

projection containing motor protein to enable movement

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where were the earliest signs of life found?

hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean

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hydrothermal vents also have raw materials for life, they are… (3)

hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and minerals

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hydrothermal vents are (ph)…….

alkaline and the sea water is mildly acidic which provides a source of protons

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in eukaryotes how is the dna organised

wrapped around histones to form chromosomes

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what is the key difference between pro and eu cells

eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles and their dna is contained in a membrane bound nucleus whereas prokaryotic cells dont have membrane organelles and have no true nucleus

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What is the nuclear envelope?
and so pro/eukaryotes have it

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
pro- no
eu- yes

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what do nuclear pores allow

Materials to move in and out of the nucleus via tiny holes in the nuclear envelope

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Within the nucleus, ribosomes are assembled by the ….

nucleolus

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do eukaryotes have flagella

sometimes present

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do prokaryotes have golgi

do eukarytoes have golgi

yes

do eukaryotes have a cell wall

sometimes (PLANT CELLS)

average diameter of pro and eu cell

pro- 0.5-5um eu- 10-100um

explain why eukaryotes were able to grow more quickly than cells that did not possess mitochondria (3)

- they carried out aerobic respiration - to convert oxygen to ATP - which was used for processes like active transport, cell division and protein synthesis. - faster metabolic rate, processes and reactions

what is a peroxisome

a type of lysosome which acts as a "dustbin" for peroxide

what is chromatin

what we can see inside a nucleus when it is too dark to see the chromosomes

what does the smooth er do

site of synthesis, storage and transportation/secretion produces fats and steroid hormones like testosterone and oestrogen The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is where carbohydrates and lipids are secreted and packaged into vesicles

structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

system of membranes of membranes with no ribosomes on the outer surface

what do lysosomes do

a membrane bound organelle that releases hydolytic/digestive enzymes responsible for returning amino acids to the system, dismantling and recycling substances

What is the function of the vacuole in a plant cell?

The vacuole supports the plant by making cells turgid. It also stores sugars and amino acids, which can act as a temporary food store.

what are vesicles and what do they do

packets of chemicals e.g enzymes to transport substances to lysosomes, plasma membrane or around/outside the cell

role of rer

involved in some protein production (as studded with ribosomes), folding, quality control and dispatch of substances eg packages them into vesicles The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where proteins and processed and packaged into vesicles

structure of rer

system of folded membranes continuous with nucleus, with ribosomes on the outer surface

function of rer

Site of synthesis and transportation of proteins and glycoproteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where proteins and processed and packaged into vesicles.

function of golgi: produces... (2)

secretory enzymes and carbohydrates

function of golgi: stores and modifies...

proteins and triglycerides

function of golgi: forms.... for transporting

vesicles for transporting proteins/triglycerides

function of golgi: forms...

lysosomes

role of golgi apparatis

receives proteins and lipids from er. modifies, sorts, concentrates, and transprts to vesicles. as well as makes vesicles.

functions of golgi

The Golgi stores and modifies proteins and lipids. It then packages these substances into vesicles for transportation. Some of the proteins packaged are enzymes. These enzymes are used to form lysosomes.

How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum help enable synthesis of proteins?

the rer has ribosomes and a large surface area

what are centrioles

microtubules that form a cylinder. part of the cytoskeleton and in the centrosome

what is cytosol and what does it do

the intercellular fluid, not including the contents of the cell and within the organelles, it cushions and acts as a chemical medium. it is made out of water salts and proteins.

what is the role of the cytoskeleton

to support the cells hold organelles in place allows cells to change shape in endo and exocytosis facilitates movement of organelles makes up centrioles

what are the components of the cytoskeleton | 3 things

microfilaments microtubules intermediate filaments

what are microfilaments made of

they are made up of actin

what are microtubules made up of

they are made up of globular tubular proteins that form tubes

what do intermediate filaments do

they give the cell strength

what are centrioles made of

microtubules

what are ribosomes made up of

rna and proteins

what is the function of centrioles

to assemble and organise spindle fibres during cell division

how do prokaryotes divide

binary fission

which describes an organelle which is NOT membrane bound contains cristae modifies and packages proteins. contains digestive enzymes is made of rRNA and protein.

is made of rRNA and proteins