chapter3 Flashcards

Question

Conditions are altered by living organisms examples

Answer 1

Swimming waterfowl maintain holes in the ice cover Tropical rainforests have an influence on air humidity Mangrove forests absorbe wave energy Thus they reduce the impact of tsunami´s

Answer 2

engineering by use of living organisms

Answer 3

optimum curve: goes from individual survival s to individual growth g to reproduction r which is the optimum and back to individual growth to individual survival lethal at high intensities: starts too high goes down rapidly to r then g then s then 0 resources at low intensities, lethal at high intensities: starts super low goes up almost straight but to a destroying point then falls rapidly from r to g to s

Answer 4

Acclimatization is the process of phenotypical adjusting to changing conditions e.g. Training at high altitudes causes an increase in blood volume and amount of red blood cells

Answer 5

Have variable body temperature

Answer 6

Maintain constant body temperature

Answer 7

Body temperature is determined by environment

Answer 8

Posses internal heat regulating mechanism

Answer 9

Tuna and some sharks can have a core temperature that is < 10ºC higher than the surrounding water Changes in body temperature of the European hamster during a 3-day bout of hibernation

Answer 10

Relatively independent of environmental temperature Can stay at peak performance in a broad temperature range BUT: High food requirement Subject to overcooling Have to cope with seasonal temperature fluctuations

Answer 11

komodo dragon, back in the day it was dinosaurs, tianoboa(extinct) mostly crocodiles and reptiles

Answer 12

marine otter (Lontra felina); 3-6 kg, vaquita

Answer 13

Light catchment CO2 uptake Water conservation Water release Resistance to herbivores Physical strenght

Answer 14

c3: shade mosses,planktonic algae around0 co2 uptake at 4 radiation, shade herbs around 0 CO2 and 3,5 radiation, beech like 15 co2 mg around 5 radiation, sun herbs around 25co2 mg at 8 radiation, wheat around 30 co2 around 8 radiation c4 corn 50co2 9 radiation, sorghum 55 co2 at 3 radiation

Answer 15

Shade leaves are fewer, larger and at neat angles to the incident light Sun leaves are smaller, crowded and at various angles

Answer 16

Water enters trough the roots and exits through the stomata When uptake < release, the plant wilts and eventually dies

Answer 17

* Deep root systems can pump soil water from deeper layers. E.g. the sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) * rapid stomatal closure during the onset of drought * Smaller leaf size * Water storage in plant organs * leaf abscission E.g. Cryptantha flava, a desert plant, sheds its leaves after a prolonged dry period * Dessiccation tolerance: the plant can survive periods of low body water content E.g. the common seaweed Fucus spiralis can survive 95% dehydration * Plants that use CAM and C4 photosynthetic pathways have a higher affinity for CO2 They absorb more CO2 per unit of water lost Inefficient at low radiation intensities

Answer 18

Plants extract key minerals from the soil Soils are patchy and heterogenuous Roots tend to branch profusely in the richer patches Interstitial water: Water that is stored between the soil particles “Resource Depletion Zone” (RDZ) around roots Some minerals (e.g. NO3-) are loosely bound to the soil particles and rapidly diffuse through the interstitial water A widely spaced root system will maximise nitrate uptake Other minerals (e.g. PO43-) are tightly bound to the soil particles and hardly diffuse through the interstitial water A highly branched root system will maximise phosphate uptake

Answer 19

Diffusion and mixing of CO2 are very rapid Resource Depletion Zones of CO2 are unlikely No competition between plants for CO2

Answer 20

Generalist feeders (polyphagous) Often long lifespan

Answer 21

Specialist feeders (monophagous) Often short lifespan Specialised mouth parts

Answer 22

feed on dead material

Answer 23

Feed on one or very few hosts while they are alive but do not usually kill their host

Answer 24

eat many prey organisms, typically killing them

Answer 25

Consume parts of many prey organisms but do not usually kill their prey

Answer 26

Competition in which any adverse effects on an organism are brought about by reductions in resource levels caused by other, competing organisms

Answer 27

Competition between two organisms, in which one physically excludes the other from a portion of habitat and hence from the resources that could be exploited there.

Answer 28

Competition lowers the average survival and fecundity of individuals Competition is density-dependent. At low densities, there is no competition

Answer 29

At high densities, the fecundity per individual declines The fecundity of the total population may still increase: undercompensation e.g the total number of seeds produced by Vulpia fasciculata continues to rise as densities increase

Answer 30

increases in initial density lead to reductions in final density , Overcompensation is a well-known mechanism to farmers. Vegetables should not be planted to close to each other, less the total crop yield will decrease

Answer 31

The final density is the same irrespective of initial density.

Answer 32

Niche: The limits, for all important environmental features, within which individuals of a species can survive, grow and reproduce e.g A simplified model of an ecological niche, consisting of two variables: salinity and temperature Realistic niches contain a much larger number of dimensions

chapter3 Flashcards

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