chapter3 individual differences

Question 1

demographic characteristic (Y)

Answer 1

physical and observable characteristics of individuals, including gender, ethnicity, and age

Question 2

stereotype threat

Answer 2

Awareness of subgroup differences on standardized tests creates frustration among minority test takers and ultimately lowers test scores

Question 3

reverse mentoring (Y)

Answer 3

pairs a senior employee with a junior employee to transfer the skills of the junior employee to the senior employee

Question 4

psychographic characteristic (Y)

Answer 4

any personality, value, attitude, interest, or lifestyle attribute.

Question 5

personality (Y)

Answer 5

the dynamic mental attributes and processes that determine individual’s emotional and behavioral adjustments to their enviroments

Question 6

trait

Answer 6

a tendency to behave consistently over time and in a variety of situation

Question 7

achievement motivation (Y)

Answer 7

strong desires to accomplish something important, and take pleasure in succeeding at something important and demanding

Question 8

fear of failure (Y)

Answer 8

an anticipatory feeling of anxiety about attempting a challenging task, failing, and appearing incompetent

Question 9

tolerance for ambiguity

Answer 9

propensity to view ambiguous situations as either threatening or desirable

Question 10

locus of control

Answer 10

the degree to which a person generally perceives events to be under his or her control (internal locus) or under the control of others (external locus)

Question 11

type A personality

Answer 11

impatient, competitive, ambitious, and uptight; experiences a frustrated sense of wasting time when not actively engaged in productive activity

Question 12

type B personality

Answer 12

relaxed and easygoing; less overly competitive than Type B

Question 13

Big Five

Answer 13

a personality framework consisting of extroversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience

Question 14

machiavellianism (马基利维娅主意；权术主义）（Y）

Answer 14

an individual’s general strategy for dealing with other people and the degree to which they feel they can manipulate others in interpersonal situations. （男性，年轻人）

Question 15

workplace bully

Answer 15

a repeated mistreatment of another employee through verbal abuse; conduct that is threatening humiliating, or intimidating; or sabotage that interferes with the other person’s work

Question 16

myers-briggs type indicator

Answer 16

a personality inventory based on carl Jung’s work on psychological type. Extraversion/Introversion; Sensing/Intuition; Thinking/Feeling; Judging/Perceiving

Question 17

general mental ability

Answer 17

the capacity to rapidly and fluidly acquire, process, and apply information

Question 18

information processing capacity

Answer 18

the manner in which individuals process and organize information

Question 19

mental ability tests

Answer 19

assess general mental abilities including verbal and mathematical reasoning, logic, and perceptual abilities

Question 20

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 20

there are a number of distinct forms of intelligence that each individual possess in varying degrees. (Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical,bodily-kinesthetic;spatial-visual;interpersonal;intrapersonal)

Question 21

emotional intelligence

Answer 21

an interpersonal capability that includes the ability to perceive and express emotions, to understand and use them, and to manage emotions in onself and other people