Chapter_9_True Experiments

Question 1

Determine Causality

Answer 1

1. Manipulation of the IV
2. Holding all other variables in the research situation constant
3. Controlling for individual differences among participants
   - random assignment

Question 2

Nonspecific Treatment Effects

Answer 2

The cause of any differences between the experiment and control conditions

Question 3

Two situations that call for multiple control or comparison conditions

Answer 3

1. Hypothesis Testing
2. Ruling Out Specific Alternative Explanations

Question 4

Characteristics of a Good Manipulation

Answer 4

1. Construct Validity
2. Reliability
3. Strength
4. Salience

Question 5

Construct Validity

Answer 5

The manipulation accurately represents the construct
- Manipulation check

Question 6

Manipulation check

Answer 6

1.Interview research participants after data have been collected
2. Include dependent variables that assess the construct being manipulated

Question 7

Reliability

Answer 7

1. automating the experiment
2. preparing detailed scripts for experimenters to follow and by rehearsing experimenters

Question 8

Strength

Answer 8

strong manipulation
- The conditions of the independent variable are different enough to differentially affect behavior
- realism
- ethical

Question 9

Salience

Answer 9

Noticeability or salient manipulation

Question 10

Holding Extraneous Variables Constant

Answer 10

Assign participants to conditions of the independent variable
- e.g. gender, race, personality

Question 11

2 Types of Between-Subjects Designs

Answer 11

1. Simple Random Assignment
   - quasi-random assignment
2. Matched Random Assignment

Question 12

Matched Random Assignment

Answer 12

• first measuring the characteristic
• then balancing group membership on the characteristic

Question 13

Advantages of Within-Subjects Designs

Answer 13

1. equivalence of participants in both conditions
2. fewer participants are required

Question 14

The Problem of Order Effects

Answer 14

1. Practice effects
2. Fatigue effects
3. Carryover effects
   - Caffeine
4. Sensitization effects
   - Priming

Question 15

Controlling Order Effects

Answer 15

1. Counterbalancing the order
   - participants experience the experimental and control conditions
2. Latin square design
   - the number of orders is equal to the number of conditions, with each condition appearing in each place in the order

Question 16

Washout period

Answer 16

A period of time over which the effects of a condition dissipate.

Question 17

Differential order effect

Answer 17

the order creates a different amount of effect

Question 18

Multiple-Group Designs

Answer 18

1. Quantitative independent variables
2. Qualitative independent variables

Question 19

Quantitative independent variables

Answer 19

vary by amount
- levels = the conditions of the independent variable
1. linear relationship
1.1 positive
1.2 negative
2. curvilinear relationship

Question 20

Detecting Curvilinear Relationships

Answer 20

more than two levels of the independent variable

Question 21

Qualitative independent variables

Answer 21

vary by quality
- the conditions of the independent variable represent different types or aspects of the independent variable
- more than one control group
1) no context
2) context after the information

Question 22

post hoc analysis

Answer 22

after-the-fact
- directly compares the group means

Question 23

priori contrasts

Answer 23

prior to conducting the experiment or preplanned
- When you have specific hypotheses about differences in means

Question 24

Information Provided By Factorial Designs

Answer 24

1. main effect
2. interaction effect

Question 25

Forms of Factorial Designs

Answer 25

1. Between- and Within-Subjects Designs 2. Manipulated and Measured Independent Variables

Question 26

Uses for Factorial Designs

Answer 26

1. Testing Moderator Hypotheses 2. Detecting Order Effects 3. Blocking on Extraneous Variables