Chpater_03_The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants Flashcards
Week 3 (22 cards)
3 General Ethical Principles
- Respect for persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
Respect for Persons
privacy and freedom of choice
- VOLUNTARY participation
- informed CONSENT
- freedom to WITHDRAW
- CONFIDENTIALITY of data
Beneficence
harm
- risk–benefit analysis (RBA)
- avoidance of HARM during research
- CONFIDENTIALITY of data
Justice
COMPENSATION
- burdens of research participation and the benefits of research are SHARED by all members of society
- the burdens do not fall unduly on some groups
- while the benefits accrue only to members of other groups
4 Ethical Issues:
- Risk of HARM or deprivation
- VOLUNTARY participation
- informed CONSENT
- DECEIVING
5 Categories of Risk
IPPSE
1. Inconvenience
2. Physical harm
3. Psychological harm
4. Social harm
5. Economic or legal harm
Minimal Risk
The probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort are not greater than those in daily life
Example of Deprivation as Risk
Control condition receive
- no treatment
- placebo
- treatment that is believed to be less effective than the one being tested
Solution of Deprivation as Risk
Waiting list are recruited for control groups
Risk-benefit Analysis
Carefully consider whether the anticipated benefits outweigh the anticipated risks
Challenges of Risk-benefit Analysis
- subjective
- unanticipated risks
- conflict of interest in its outcome
Voluntary Participation
Free from
1. Overt Coercion (Authorized power)
2. Subtle Coercion (pressure)
3. Excessive Inducements (Money or valuable compensation)
Informed Consent
Provided information before data are collected so that people can make an informed decision about participation
What should be included in an consent form?
- purpose, duration, procedures, procedures that are not standard
- risks or discomforts
- benefits
- appropriate alternative procedures
- confidentiality
- compensation
- contact for answers
- refusal
Who can sign an informed consent form?
1.
- 18 as the age of consent for this purpose
- be capable of understanding and realistically evaluating the risks and benefits involved
2.
- parent or legal guardian must provide
informed consent: active not passive
- affirmative assent of the potential participant
5 Forms of Deception
PTCPI
- False information about the PURPOSE
- False information about the nature of the research TASK
- Using CONFEDERATES
- False information about their PERFORMANCE
- Participants to think that they are INTERACTING with others
Purpose of Deception
- Prevent ARTIFICIAL responses
- Obtain RELUCTANT information
- Manipulation of an independent variable (MIV)
Alternative to Deception
- naturally occurring behaviors in natural settings
- Simulation research:
- a laboratory situation that evokes the psychological processes present in a real-life situation
- but in contrast to a deception study, participants know that the situation is not real
- Milgram’s (1974) obedience studies
What should be reconsidered before using deception?
- NECESSITY
- Degree of DECEPTION
- Degree of HARM
- CONSENT to deception
- DEBRIEF
- Risk-benefit analysis (RBA)
Ethical Issues during Data Collection
- Unanticipated Harmful Effects:
- severe STRESS symptoms
- idiosyncratic adverse reactions: TEARS - Discovering Psychological PROBLEMS
Ethical Considerations Following Data Collection
- Alleviating Adverse Effects
- Debriefing
- Compensation of Control Groups: reward
- Confidentiality of Data
Confidentiality of Data
- replace names and other records or encryption
- children
- no data to parent
- children approval of data sharing - social media: remove personally identifying information
