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Chemistry > Chapters 1-2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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2
Q

Chemistry

A

Study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes

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3
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of compounds containing carbon

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4
Q

Inorganic chemistry

A

Study of substances that do not contain carbon

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5
Q

Biochemistry

A

Focuses on processes that take place in organisms

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6
Q

Analytical chemistry

A

Focuses on the composition of matter

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7
Q

Physical chemistry

A

Deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change

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8
Q

Pure chemistry

A

Pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake

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9
Q

Applied chemistry

A

Research that is directed toward a practical goal or application

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10
Q

Big Ideas in Chemistry (8)

A
  1. Chemistry as central science
  2. Electrons and the structure of atoms
  3. Bonding and interactions
  4. Reactions
  5. Kinetic theory
  6. The mole and quantifying matter
  7. Matter and energy
  8. Carbon chemistry
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11
Q

Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?

A

It affects all aspects of life and most natural events because everything is made of matter.

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12
Q

Technology

A

The means by which a society provides it’s members with those things needed and desired

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13
Q

3 general reasons to study chemistry

A
  1. Explain the natural world
  2. Prepare people for career opportunities
  3. Produce informed citizens
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14
Q

Outcomes of modern research in chemistry

A

Technologies that benefit the environment, conserve and produce energy, improve human life, and expand our knowledge of the universe

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15
Q

How did Lavoisier help transform chemistry?

A

Transformed it from a science of observation to a science of measurement?

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16
Q

Steps in scientific method?

A
  1. Make an observation
  2. Form a hypothesis
  3. Test the hypothesis w/ an experiment
  4. Develop a theory
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17
Q

What role do collaboration and communication play in science?

A

Increase the likelihood of a successful outcome

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18
Q

Scientific method

A

A logical, systematic approach to solving a scientific problem

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19
Q

Observation

A

Information obtained through the senses; in science, often involves a measurement

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

A proposed explanation for an observation

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21
Q

Experiment

A

A repeatable procedure, used to test a hypothesis

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22
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that is changed during an experiment

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23
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is observed during an experiment

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24
Q

Model

A

A representation of an object or event

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25
Q

Theory

A

A well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations

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26
Q

Scientific law

A

A concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments (doesn’t try to offer an explanation)

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27
Q

What are 3 states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

28
Q

How can physical changes be classified?

A

Reversible (ex. freezing water can be reversed by melting it back) or irreversible (smashing a rock cannot be undone)

29
Q

Mass

A

A measure of the amount of matter that an object contains; standard unit = kilogram

30
Q

Volume

A

A measure of the space occupied by a sample of matter

31
Q

Extensive property

A

Depends on the amount of matter in a sample (ex. mass, volume)

32
Q

Intensive property

A

Depends on the type of matter in a sample (ex. color, texture)

33
Q

Substance

A

Matter that has a uniform and definite composition; either an element or a compound

34
Q

Physical property

A

Quality that can be observed/measured without changing the substance’s composition

35
Q

Solid

A

Form of matter that has a definite shape or volume; molecules are packed together in a rigid formation

36
Q

Liquid

A

Form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and an indefinite shape; particles are close together, but can flow past each other freely

37
Q

Gas

A

Form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container; no definite shape or volume; particles are relatively far apart and can move freely

38
Q

Vapor

A

The gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature

39
Q

Physical change

A

A change during which some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change

40
Q

How can mixtures be separated?

A

Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures

41
Q

Mixture

A

Physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

42
Q

Heterogenous mixture

A

Is NOT uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture

43
Q

Homogenous mixture

A

Is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished; also known as a solution

44
Q

Phase

A

Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties; homogenous mixtures have one phase, heterogenous mixtures have multiple phases

45
Q

Filtration

A

Separated a solid from the liquid in a heterogenous mixture

46
Q

Distillation

A

Process used to separate components of a mixture using differences in boiling points

47
Q

How can a substance and a mixture be distinguished?

A

If the composition is fixed, then it’s a substance. If the composition may vary, it’s a mixture.

48
Q

Chemical formula

A

Used to represent a compound

49
Q

Why is a periodic table useful?

A

Allows you to easily compare the properties of different elements

50
Q

Element

A

Simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties; cannot be broken down into simpler substances

51
Q

Compound

A

Substance that contains 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion

52
Q

Chemical change

A

Produces matter with a different composition than the original matter

53
Q

Chemical symbol

A

A 1 or 2 letter representation of an element

54
Q

Periodic table

A

An arrangement of elements separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties

55
Q

Period

A

Horizontal row in a periodic table

56
Q

Group

A

Vertical column in a periodic table; elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties

57
Q

What always happens during a chemical change?

A

The composition of matter always changes.

58
Q

4 clues of a chemical change

A
  1. Transfer of energy
  2. Change in color
  3. Production of gas
  4. Formation of a precipitate
59
Q

How are the mass of the reactants and the mass of the products in a chemical reaction related?

A

They are always equal.

60
Q

Chemical property

A

Ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change

61
Q

Chemical reaction

A

A change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products; bonds break in reactants, and bonds form in products

62
Q

Reactant

A

Substance present at the start of a reaction

63
Q

Product

A

Substance produced in a chemical reaction

64
Q

Precipitate

A

A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture

65
Q

Law of conservation of mass

A

In any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved; it can be neither created nor destroyed.

Chemistry (7 decks)

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