Chapter 3

Question 1

How to write numbers in scientific notation

Answer 1

If the number is greater than 10, the exponent is positive and equals the number of decimal places the original decimal point has been moved to the left.

If the number is less than 1, the exponent is negative and equals the number of places the decimal point has been moved to the right.

Question 2

How to multiply and divide numbers in scientific notation

Answer 2

Multiply the coefficients and add the exponents

Question 3

How to add and subtract numbers in scientific notation

Answer 3

Move the decimal point so that the exponents are the same, and then add or subtract the coefficients

Question 4

Accuracy

Answer 4

The closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured

Question 5

Precision

Answer 5

The closeness or reproducibility of a set of measurements taken under the same conditions

Question 6

Accepted value

Answer 6

A quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community

Question 7

Experimental value

Answer 7

Quantitative value measured during an experiment

Question 8

Error

Answer 8

Experimental value - accepted value

Question 9

Percent error

Answer 9

Absolute value of error, divided by accepted value, times 100%

Question 10

Significant figures

Answer 10

All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit

Question 11

6 rules of sig figs (see textbook p. 142 for more help)

Answer 11

1. Every nonzero digit is significant
2. Zeros appearing between nonzero digits are significant
3. Leftmost zeros appearing in front of nonzero digits aren’t significant
4. Zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal point are significant
5. Zeros at the rightmost end of a measurement that lie to the left of an understood decimal point aren’t significant
6. Measurements that are counted (e.g. 20 students) or are exactly defined quantities (2 meters) have an infinite number of sig figs

Question 12

Adding and subtracting w/ sig figs

Answer 12

The answer should be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places.

Question 13

Multiplying and dividing w/ sig figs

Answer 13

Round the answer to the same number of sig figs as the measurement with the least number of sig figs

Question 14

Prefix: mega- (M)

Answer 14

1 million times larger than (10^6)

Question 15

Prefix: kilo- (k)

Answer 15

1000 times larger than (10^3)

Question 16

Prefix: deci- (d)

Answer 16

10 times smaller than (10^-1)

Question 17

Prefix: centi- (c)

Answer 17

100 times smaller than (10^-2)

Question 18

Prefix: milli- (m)

Answer 18

1000 times smaller than (10^-3)

Question 19

Prefix: micro- (retarded u)

Answer 19

1 million times smaller than (10^-6)

Question 20

Prefix: nano- (n)

Answer 20

1 billion times smaller than (10^-9)

Question 21

Prefix: pico- (p)

Answer 21

1 trillion times smaller than (10^-12)

Question 22

SI base unit for length

Answer 22

Meter (m)

Question 23

SI base unit for mass

Answer 23

Kilogram (kg)

Question 24

SI base unit for temperature

Answer 24

Kelvin (K)

Question 25

SI base unit for time

Answer 25

Second (s)

Question 26

SI base unit for amount of substance

Answer 26

Mole (mol)

Question 27

SI base unit for luminous intensity

Answer 27

Candela (cd)

Question 28

SI base unit for electric current

Answer 28

Ampere (A)

Question 29

1 L = 1 ?

Answer 29

1 L = 1 dm^3 (cubic decimeter)

Question 30

1 mL = 1 ?

Answer 30

1 mL = 1 cm^3 (cubic centimeter)

Question 31

Weight

Answer 31

Measures the pull of gravity on a given mass

Question 32

Energy

Answer 32

The capacity for doing work or producing heat

Question 33

Calories to joules

Answer 33

1 cal = 4.184 J

Question 34

Joules to calories

Answer 34

1 J = 0.2390 cal

Question 35

Temperature

Answer 35

A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter; temperature determines the direction of heat transfer

Question 36

How do substances react to temperature increasing/decreasing?

Answer 36

Almost all substances expand when temperature increases and contract when temperature decreases (except water)

Question 37

Celsius to Kelvin conversion

Answer 37

K = °C + 273

Question 38

Kelvin to Celsius conversion

Answer 38

°C = K - 273

Question 39

Density

Answer 39

Mass/volume