Chapters 1-2 (don't use) Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
the transition from hunting and gathering to farming. In Central America at about 8,000 b.c.e. aided by the development of cron
A
Neolithic revolution
2
Q
small bands of people living in isolation
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North American societies before outside contact
3
Q
acute population pressure, constant warfare, new ideas (aided by the printing press), Protestant Reformation and large nation-states were prevelant
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European societies before outside contact
4
Q
African societies before outside contact
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villages and big cities along trade routes along with herding peoples in the Sahara
5
Q
the treaty, brokered by the pope, confirmed Portugal’s right to control the route around Africa to India, and Spain’s claim to most of the newly discovered lands of America.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
6
Q
Spanish ‘conqueror’ or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G’s: gold, God, and glory.
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conquistadores
7
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a kind of feudalism granting Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portion of their harvests
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ecomienda system
8
Q
Italian explorer who led the English expedition (giving England claim to the land) in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)
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John Cabot
9
Q
Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America
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Giovanni de Verrazano
10
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French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)
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Jacques Cartier
11
Q
French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva
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John Calvin
12
Q
German theologian who led the Reformation (believed Grace was granted based on faith)
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Martin Luther
13
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(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
A
King Henry VIII
14
Q
enabled groups of investors to pool their capital and limit their individual responsibilities to the sums actually invested
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joint-stock componies
15
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English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada with secrete aid from Elizabeth I
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Francis Duke
16
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English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America, but decided to move to a better area and was killed in a storm on his way home
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Sir Humphrey Gilbert
17
Q
English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia (Roanoke)
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Walter Raleigh
18
Q
Established in 1587, the first English colony, called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don’t know what became of the
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Roanoke
19
Q
Main promoter of colonization by England (with royal aid) in the New World. Reasons included surplus of English labor and thwarting Spain.
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Richard Hakluyt
20
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succeeded Elizabeth I, persecuted the Puritans, led to many moving to america
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King James I
21
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group of merchants who paid for the founding of Jamestown
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London company
22
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English army captain whose strict discipline helped the Jamestown settlement to survive
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Captain John SMith
23
Q
First permanent English settlement in North America (1607)
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Jamestown
24
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English settler at Jamestown (he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
A
John Rolfe
25
original tribes in the area surrounding Jamestown, gave the settlers food, taught them the ways of the forests and introduced new crops (corn and yams), constantly warring with the settlers
powhaten indinans
26
the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.
House of Burgesses
27
A colony under the direct control of a monarch (English Crown)
royal colony
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Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization, stressed simplicity and faith. Settled the Mass. Bay Colony
Puritans
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the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs), created by Henry VIII
Anglican church
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16th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignity, stresses free will
Arminianism
31
People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.
Separatists
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A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
William Bradford
33
a history of Plymouth written by William Bradford
Of Plymouth Plantation
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Native American leader and friend of the early colonists. He was the first to sell land to the Pilgrims (1625).
Samoset
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Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques (fish, farm and hunt) and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.
squanto
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the ship in which the Pilgrims sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620
mayflower
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1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
mayflower compact
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English Puritans, seeking religious freedom, who founded Plymouth colony in 1620
pilgrams
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Leader of the first settlers at Massachusetts Bay Colony
John Winthrop
40
when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times (1630-1640)
great migration
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1630 - Puritan settlement and government in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
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A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Providence, Rhode Island
Roger Williams
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Preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
Anne Hutchinson
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the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture), religious leaders are unnecessary
antinomianism
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Roger WIlliams; Puritans; wanted religious tolerance, separation of church and state and democratic gov.
Rhode Island
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Founded in 1639, drafted the Fundamental Orde
Thomas Hooker and Connecticut
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The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens.
fundamental orders
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1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot, result of competition for Dutch trade and friction over land boundaries; pequot virtually wiped out
pequot wars
49
Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who led an attack on villages throughout New England. This was the largest conflict in 1675, called King Phillip's War (he was nicknamed "King Phillip")
metacom
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an attack on villages throughout New England in an effort to drive out the English. This was the largest conflict in 1675, led by Metacom
King Phillip's War
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persons given large areas of land by a charter from the king
proprietors
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Founded by Lord Baltimore, safe haven for Catholics, created the Act of Toleration
Maryland
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1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.
Lord Baltimore
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act that allowed freedom of worship for all Christians in Maryland, kept peace between Catholics and Protestants
Toleration Act
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1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population were Huguenot (French Protestant) refugees.
Charleston
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a settlement established by the Dutch, captured by the English and renamed New York
New Amsterdam
57
was established in 1638, taken over by New Netherlands (the Dutch) in 1655 and encompassed southern NJ, parts of PA and Delaware
New Sweden
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Charles II gave the entire area between Connecticut and Maryland to his brother. This created a problem with the Dutch who occupied this area. In 1664 English forces capture New Amsterdam without a fight and the rest of the Dutch settlements soon followed. He gave New jersey to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret.
Duke of York
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English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
Quakers
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Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)
William Penn
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William Penn's title for his colony in Pennsylvania, dealt fairly with Indians, freedom of religion
Holy Experiment
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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Columbian Exchange
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Why English settlers came for opportunity
For religious freedom, more land and more economic opportunities
64
Spanish accomplishments in opening the New World to exploration
Spain was the first to seize the opportunities (for labor, land and goods) created by the New World. They continually funded more explorations. The conquistadores destroy native populations. Spanish explorers are the first to discover and colonize much of the Americas (especially the southern end)
65
Evaluate Mass. Bay's role as the center of English settlements
a democratic Puritan settlement, many Puritans came here during the Great Migration, many more colonies were created around it, original home of Williams and Hutchinson, first example of major Puritan colony
66
Requirements of successful colonization
peaceful relationship with the natives, knowledge of the land and its benefits, knowledge of how to work the land, good/strict leadership, cultural/religious acceptance
67
the first people to live in America. Their culture was influenced by their ENVIRONMENTS and they caught diseases by Europeans through the Colombian Exchange
NAtive Americans
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narrow strip of land that joins two larger landmasses
land bridge
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a member of a group of North American Indian peoples who spoke a Siouan language and who ranged from Lake Michigan to the Rocky Mountains
Siouix
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formerly living in Nebraska and Kansas but now largely in Oklahoma
PAwnee
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a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States
Pueblo
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Mound-building people who lived in the Ohio River Valley
Adene
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A mound builder society that was centered in the Ohio River Valley from about 200 B.C to AD 400
Hopewell
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the last Mound Builder culture that lasted from AD 800 to the arrival of the Europeans in the 1500s.
Missisipian
75
A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.
Iriquois
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types of iriquois
SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.
77
The Indians of one of the most advanced early civilizations of the Western Hemisphere; made their home in Central America.
mayans
78
Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru
Incas
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Ancient civilization (1200-1521AD) that was located in what is present-day Mexico City
Aztecs
80
the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world
Renaissance
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navigational instrument for finding directions
compass
82
invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects
Printing Press
83
a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula
Spain
84
Spanish Muslims
moors
85
This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition
Ferdinand and Isabella
86
a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula
Portugal
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(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.
Henry the Navigator
88
Group of people united under one independent government. These formed out of nationalism.
nation states
89
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
Christopher Columbus
90
the hemisphere that includes North and South America
New World
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Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America
Amerigo Vespucci
92
line drawn by the Pope dividing the land in the New World into 2 parts, with Portugal being granted the East and Spain being granted the West
Papal Line of Demarcation
93
Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
94
Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain
Ferdinand Magellan
95
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Hernan Cortez
96
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
Francisco Pizarro
97
spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain
conquistadors
98
priviledge given by Spain to Spanish settlers in the Americas which allowed to control the lands and people of a certain territory
Encomienda System
99
System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.
Asiento System
100
Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)
John CAbot
101
Italian navigator, who was commissioned by France to find a Northwest Passage leading through the Americas to Asia; explored part of North America's eastern coast, including New York harbor (France)
Giovanni de Verrazano
102
French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)
JAques Cartier
103
French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)
Samuel de Champlain
104
French navigator who explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673 with Louis Jolliet
Father Jacques Marquette
105
French man that explored MS River
Robert de la Salle
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English navigator who discovered the Hudson River
Henry Hudson
107
ounded a chain of 21 missions along the California coast
Father Junipero Serra
108
Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.
Virginia Company
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a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617). Married John Rolfe.
Pocahontas
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Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.
puritans
111
People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.
sepratists
112
colony formed by the Pilgrims (separatists) when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620
plymouth
113
when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times
great migration
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New World sent raw goods to Europe, who brought manufactured goods and slaves to America and Africa - de las Casas
African Slave Trade
115
founded by Samuel de Champlain as a fur trading post. Was the first French colony - de Champlain
Quebec
116
French Missionaries
1620s Jesuit missionaries converted Natives by not being greedy and learning Native culture before trying to convert. helped keep relations amicable. - Marquette
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French missionary who accompanied Louis Joliet in exploring the upper Mississippi River valley in 1673. Built relations with tribes in Northern WI, MI, Ontario (Huron, Ottawa)
Pere Jacques Marquette
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French explorer who claimed Louisiana and Mississippi River for France. Set up trading posts along river including St. Louis - Marquette
Robert LaSalle
119
A system by the British governemnt in which a family paid for the cost of the ship to go to America and received 50 acres for each person in the family. - indentured servants
Headright system
120
a person working in the service of another who paid for them to come to the new world. - Headright system
indentured servatude
121
Martin Luther was upset with the way the Catholic Church was run (indulgences sold, priests living in luxury) and established a new Christian sect. German princes back him, stopped paying Rome, and took Church lands - Anglican Church
pro ref
122
Queen of England, made Anglican Church official religion, little interest in colonizing America
Elizabeth 1
123
Speech given by John Winthrope to encourage the puritans to rise above the other colonists
John Winthrop
124
General Court
legislature of the Puritans to which only male members of the Church could belong. They needed to be lay and were voted on by other male members of the church.
125
First Constitution in America
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
126
Squatter's Rights
former indentured servants who took land and offered to pay the owners when they came for the land the lived on but not the improvements made to it. - indentured servant
127
Farmers were not allowed to attack Natives for more land or in response to attacks so Nathaniel Bacon led the farmers to fight and killed Natives, got attack authorized, killed more, then burned Jamestown. Died of dysentery and order restored
Bacon's Rebellion
128
founded Savannah and wanted farmers to work their own land and no alcohol. Ideas eventually fell apart
James Oglethorpe
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Parliament impeaches James II for too much tolerance of Catholics. William of Orange becomes King. Andros is thrown in jail.
Glorious Revolution
130
colonies sent raw items to England who picked up slaves and brought manufactured goods back to America
Triangular Trade
131
Accused 25 women of being witches and hanged 19 of them. Governor Phips stopped executions after convincing by Cotton Mather
Salem witch trials
132
Governor of Virginia where his policies were the targets of Bacon's Rebllion
William Berkley
133
Supporter of English colonization, wrote Disclosure on Western Planting to convince Elizabeth I to colonize America for strategic and economic reasons
Richard Hakluyt
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Governor of the Dominion of New England. Attempted to abolish the Massachusetts assembly, enforce religious toleration and collect taxes - Glorious Revolution
Edmund Andros
135
Uprising in western Penn by farmers triggered by eastern indifference to Indian attacks. Murdered Consetoga Indians. Ben Franklin stopped from going to Philadelphia
Paxton Boys
136
Maryland in 1632, and all English colonies after 1660 owned by one person sold land to colonists and taxed for profit
Proprietary Colonies
137
governor of Pilgrim Separatists. wrote history called Of Plymouth Plantation.
William Bradford
138
Granted limited membership to Puritan church. Allowed to be baptized but not allowed to take communion or say in church (political) affairs
Half-Way Covenant
139
Governing scheme to bring more imperial supervision of the colonies. Edmund Andros was sent over to enforce the laws.
Dominion of New England
140
First sailor (and crew) to sail around the world
Ferdinand Magellan
141
Colony of Dutch in Hudson Valley on current day Albany.
FOrt Orange
142
New Englanders tried to extend territory into Connecticuit but Pequots refused. Natives thought more honorable to take pows but Europeans just wanted to kill the enemy.
Pequot's War
143
Argued against de las Casas that teh Natives were born slaves and should be used so in America
Gines de Sepulveda
144
Protestant migrants from the English border, had no respect for Natives, problems dealing with government - Paxton Boys
Scotish-Irish
145
Quaker convert trying to get Quakers out of Puritan jail and was executed
Mary Dyer
146
Influential figure in the First Great Awakening gave speech Sinners at the Hands of and Angry God - instilled fear
Johnathan Edwards
147
As more and more people stopped practicing the Puritan faith, the Church's influence dwindled in politics. Not in the faith allowed an easier life.
Secular Puritanism
148
Instilled fear into Puritans for not following their faith and stopped the secularization of the colonies for a couple decades. - Jonathon Edwards, Secular Puritanism
First Great Awakening
149
Influential preacher who brought hysteria during the Salem Witch Trials and convinced people that the devil was influencing people. - Salem Witch Trials
Cotton Mather
150
New Englanders tried to extend territory into Connecticuit but Pequots refused. Natives thought more honorable to take pows but Europeans just wanted to kill the enemy.
pequots war
151
founded by George Fox, believed all had an inner light, people were born good, people were equal, pacifists, equality of sexes, and a plain lifestyle. - William Penn, Inner Light
quakers
152
Quaker belief that everyone has a personal relationship with God and you need to look inside to find it. There is no priest to tell you what it is but you share your experience with the community.
inner-light
