Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Fever causation

A
Unknown origin
Infection
immunologic disease
cancer
tissue destruction
DVT/PE
Metabolic
Blood transfusion reaction
Drugs
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2
Q

Gram Positive Cocci

A
Staphylococcus aureus
Staph. epidermidis
Staph. saprophyticus
Strep. pneumoniae
enterococcus
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3
Q

Gram Negative Cocci

A
Gemella
Moraxella
Neisseria gonorrhea
Neisseria meningitidis
Acinetobacter
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4
Q

Gram Positive Bacilli

A
Bacillus
Lactobacillus
Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Corynebacterium jekium
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5
Q

Gram Negative Bacilli

A

Eikenella
Pseudomonads
Enterobacteriaceae

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6
Q

Pseudomonads

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia
Stenotrophomonas

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7
Q

Enterobacteriaceae (normal microflora)

A
E. coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Citrobacter
Serratia
Proteus
Providencia
Morganella
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8
Q

Enterobacteriaceae (abnormal microflora)

A

Salmonella
Shigella
Yirsenia
Vibrio

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9
Q

Coccobacilli

A

Haemophilis influenzae

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10
Q

Pleiomorphic

A

Campylobacter

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11
Q

Spirochetes

A

Treponema pallidum

Borrelia burgdorferi

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12
Q

Acid-fast bacteria

A

Mycobacterium
Nocardia asteroides
Have mycolic acid

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13
Q

Wall-less bacterium

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Ureaplasma uralyticum

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14
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilis influenzae
S. pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Salmonella typhi
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15
Q

Biofilms

A

S. epidermidis

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16
Q

Spore formers

A

Clostridium

Bacillus

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17
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A
Chlamydia
Rickettsia
Bartonella
Coxiella
Ehrlichia
Viruses
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18
Q

Can be intracellular

A
Salmonella
Shigella
Invasive E. coli
Neisseria
Bordatella pertussis
Legionella
Listeria
Mycobacterium
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19
Q

Impair or prevent phagocytic killing

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Legionella pneumophilia
Listeria monocytogenes
Toxoplasma gondii

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20
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Non-typical mycobacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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21
Q

Gram positive obligate anaerobes

A

Clostridium
Peptostreptococcus
Propionibacterium

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22
Q

Gram negative obligate anaerobes

A

B. fragillis
Fusobacterium
Prevotella

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23
Q

Microaerophilic bacteria

A

Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
S. pyogenes
S. agalactiae

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24
Q

Pili containing bacteria

A

E. coli
Salmonella
Neisseria
S. pyogenes

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25
Tick-borne zoonotic parasites
Rickettsia Ehrlichia Borrelia Babesia
26
Zoonotic Pathogens
``` Listeria monocytogenes Yersinia Salmonella E. coli Campylobacter jejuni Brucella tulasenis Pasteurella multocida Vibrio Bartonella Coxiella ```
27
Bacteria vaccines
``` Neisseria meningitidis Bacillis anthracis Corynebacterium diphtheria S. pneumoniae Clostridium tetani Salmonella typhi Yersinia pestis Haemophilis influenzae Bordetella pertussis Vibrio cholera ```
28
Viral replication cycle
``` Attachment Endocytosis Uncoating Replication Assembly Exit cell ```
29
DNA viruses
``` Orthopoxvirus Molluscum contagiosum Herpesviridae Adenovirus Polymavirus Papillomaviridae Anellovirus Parvovirus ```
30
RNA viruses
``` Hantaan virus Rotavirus Lyssavirus Filovirus ebola Paramyxovirus Vesiculovirus Parainfluenza Rubulavirus Morbillivirus Influenza A and B Arenaviridae Hepatovirus Hep D/E Enterovirus Rhinovirus Pneumovirus Astrovirus Norwalk virus Coronavirus Flaviviridae Togoviridae Rubivirus ```
31
Viral Vaccines
``` Hepatovirus Enterovirus Flaviviridae Eastern Equine Encephalitis (alpha virus) Rubivirus Rotavirus Influenza A and B Lyssavirus Morbillivirus Rubulavirus Hep B Pappilomavirus Varicella Zoster Orthopoxvirus ```
32
Viruses that cause disease in the US
Norwalk Rhinovirus RSV
33
Cutaneous Fungi
Trycophyton Epidermiphyton Microsporum candida
34
Cutaneous fungal infections
``` tinea capitis tinea corporis tinea cruris tenia pedia onchomychosis ```
35
Systemic fungi in immunocompotent
Coccidioides Histoplasma Blastomyces
36
Systemic fungi in immunocompromised
Aspergillus Candida albicans Cryptococcus
37
Protozoa that cause darrhea
``` Giardia Isospora Sarcocystis Cryptosporidium Toxoplasma Enterocytozoon Entamoeba ```
38
Protozoa
``` Giardia Isospora Sarcocystis Cryptosporidium Toxoplasma Enterocytozoon Entamoeba Trichomonas Trypanosoma Leishmania Babesia Plasmodium Pneumocystis jerovecii ```
39
Opportunistic protozoa
Toxoplasma Isospora Cryptosporidium
40
Protozoa common in US
Giardia Entamoeba Toxoplasma
41
Pathogens that cross the placenta
``` Toxoplasma Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes/HIV/HSV Syphilis ```
42
Treat with Bactrim
Cryptosporidium Isospora PCP
43
Pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis
44
Things that cause Diarrhea
``` Viral Salmonella Campylobacter Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Enterotoxigenic diarrhea (cholera) Clostridium Shigella Protozoans ```
45
Opportunistic infections
``` Acinetobacter Nontypical mycobacterium N. asteroides C. jekium Listeria Stenotrophomoonas Alcaligenes xylosoxidans Bartonella henselae Cryptosporidium PCP Isospora Toxoplasma ```
46
Atypicals
``` Actinomycetes Chlamydia Mycoplasma Rickettsiaceae Spirochetes ```
47
Spectrum (only mycobacteria)
Isoniazid
48
Spectrum (only gram neg.)
Aztreonam
49
Spectrum (only gram pos.)
Vancomycin
50
Spectrum (everything)
Fluoroquinolones
51
Spectrum (gram pos. and neg.)
Penicillins Cephalosporins Sulfonamides
52
Spectrum (gram pos., gram neg., and mycobacteria)
Aminoglycosides
53
Spectrum (gram pos., chlamydia, rickettsia, and mycoplasma)
Macrolides (mycins)
54
Spectrum (gram pos., chlamydia, rickettsia, mycoplasma, and some gram neg.)
Tetracyclines
55
Static drugs
``` Tetracyclines Macrolides Ketolides Lincosamides Chloramphenical Streptogrammins Oxazolidinones ```
56
Cidal drugs
``` Aminoglycosides Beta lactams Vancomycin Bacitracin Isoniazid Fosfomycin Fluoroquinolones Metronidazole Rifampin Polymxins Lipopeptides ```
57
Target 30s ribosomal sununit
Tetracyclines | Aminoglycosides
58
Target 50s ribosomal subunit
``` Macrolides Ketolides Lincosamides (Clindomycin) Chloramphenical Streptogrammins Oxazolidinones ```
59
Target PBPs
Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems monobactams
60
Targets peptidoglycan
Vancomycin
61
Targets cell wall
``` Beta lactams Vancomycin Bacitracin Isoniazid Fusomycin ```
62
Targets mycolic acid synthesis
Isoniazid
63
Targets DNA gyrase
Fluoroquinolones
64
Targets DNA template strand
Metronidazole
65
Targets RNA polymerase
Rifampin
66
Targets cell membranes
Polymyxins | Lipopeptides
67
Targets Enzymes
FluoroquinoloNes Rifampin TMP/SMX
68
Targets dihydrofolate reductase
Trimethoprim
69
Targets dihydropeterate synthase
Sulmethoxazole
70
Viruses treated with drugs and vaccines
``` Influenza Chronic Hep B Genital warts Chicken pox Shingles Varicella ```
71
Drugs for influenza virus
Zanamivir Oseltamivir Amantadine Rimantadine
72
Drugs for chronic Hep B
Interferon alpha-2b | Lamivudine
73
Drugs for genital warts
Interferon alfa-2b
74
Drugs for treatable herpesviridae infections
Acyclovir and other -ovir drugs
75
Viruses treated with drugs alone
``` Hep C HIV/AIDS RSV HHV-6 Epstein Barr CMV (retinitis, esophagitis, and colitis) ```
76
Drugs for HepC
Interferon alfa-2b and 2a
77
Drugs for HIV/AIDS
``` NRTI NNRTI Protease Inhibitors Integrase Inhibitors Fusion Inhibitors ```
78
Drugs for RSV
Ribavirin (aerosol)
79
Variables in Breakpoint equation
``` Peak concentration Extent of protein binding Half life factor MIC90 x 4 MIC shift factor ```
80
Concentration dependent drugs
Aminoglycosides | Fluoroquinolones
81
Time dependent drugs
Beta Lactams | Vancomycin
82
Multi-drug resistant organisms
``` MRSA Enterococci S. pneumoniae E. coli Klebsiella Acinetobacter Pseudomonads HIV TB Diarrheal pathogens ```
83
Factors contributing to resistance
``` Over prescribing Inappropriate dose/duration MRSA outpatients Medical devices Immunological diseases Travel/ foreign exposure Antibiotics in agriculture Home hygiene products zoonotic bugs from pets environment/ microflora resistance trans. ```
84
Mechanism of resistance (MSSA)
Beta lactamase
85
Mechanism of resistance (MRSA)
Beta lactamase | Altered PBPs
86
Mechanism of resistance (MDRSP)
Altered PBPs
87
Mechanism of resistance (Haemophilis and Neisseria)
Enzymes | N. gonorrhea= DNA gyrase
88
Mechanism of resistance (E. faecalis)
Enzymes
89
Mechanism of resistance (E. faecium)
Altered PBPs
90
Resistant community bugs
N. gonorrhea | M. tuberculosis
91
Resistant bugs in community and hospital
S. aureus | S. pneumoniae
92
Resistant bugs in hospital
``` Enterococcus Acinetobacter Enterobacter Klebsiella P. aeruginosa Stenotrophomonas ```
93
Normal microflora (skin)
``` Staph epidermidis Staph aureus P. acnes C. diptheroids Candida ```
94
Normal microflora (Tongue/ buccal mucosa)
Viridans strept Lactobacilli Neisseria Candida albicans
95
Normal microflora (conjunctiva)
Staph epidermidis Haemophilius Staph aures Streptococci
96
Normal microflora (ginigval crevices)
Fusobacterium Veillonella Prevotella Other obligate anaerobes
97
Normal microflora (nares and nasopharynx)
``` Staph aureus S. pneumonia H. influenza N. meningitides S. pyogenes ```
98
Normal microflora (stomach and duodenum)
``` Viridans strept Staph Lactobacilli Peptostrepto H. pylori ```
99
Normal microflora (ileum)
B. fragilis E. coli Enterococcus
100
Normal microflora (colon)
``` B. fragilis Prevotella Fusobacterium Clostridium Peptostrep Enterobacteriaceae viridans strept lactobacilli enterococcus ```
101
Normal microflora (vagina)
``` Doderlein’s bacilli Lactobacilli Peptostreptococcus Clostridium Prevotella Gardenella vaginalis Stept agalactiae Corynebacterium Bacteroides Candida ```
102
Diseases due to Exotoxins
``` Pertussis E.coli Cholera Botulism Tetanus ```
103
Exotoxins can
Inhibit G proteins and adenylate cyclase Be enzymes that digest cells/tissues Interfere with ribosomes or cell protein synthesis
104
Rapid diagnostic tests
``` Strep (group A/pyogenes) MRSA chlamydia gonorrhea HIV Influenza C. difficle VRE malaria ```
105
Folliculitis/carbuncles causation
S. aureus | P. aeruginosa
106
Impetiga causation
S. aureus | S. pyogenes
107
Erysipelas, St. Anthony's, lymphangitis causation
S. pyogenes | S. aureus
108
Myonecrosis (gangrene) treatment
C. perfringens
109
Type I Necrotizing fasciitis
Bacteroides Group A strep Enterobacteriaceae
110
Type II Necrotizing fasciitis
S. pyogenes
111
Cellulitis causation
S. pyogenes S. aureus Gram negative bacteria anaerobes
112
Diabetic Extremity Infections and pressure sores causation
``` S. aureus S. pyogenes GNB Anaerobes P. aeruginosa S agalactiae with DEIs ```
113
Burn wounds causation
S. aureus S. pyogenes Enterobacteriaceae
114
Animal bite wound causation
``` Eikanella corrodens S. aureus S. pyogenes Corynebacterium B. fragilis other anaerobes ```
115
Human bite wound causation
Pasteurella multocida S. aureus S. pyogenes B. fragilis
116
Osteomyelitis causation
S. aureus S. pyogenes Enterobacteriaceae
117
Osteomyelitis with implanted objects causation
``` S. epidermidis S. aureus Streptococci Enterococci Enterobacteriaceae P. aeruginosa ```
118
Osteomyelitis in DEIs causation
Gram positive gram negative anaerobes
119
Osteomyelitis with bite wounds causation
Eikanella corrodens Pasteurella multocida S. aureus S. pyogenes
120
Osteomyelitis from IV drug abuse and puncture wounds
S. aureus P. aeruginosa Serratia marcescens other gram negatives
121
Osteomyelitis in immunocompromised
Aspergillus | Candida albicans
122
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients
Salmonella
123
Septic arthritis
N. gonorrhea (youth) S. aureus (general population) Streptococci gram negative aerobes
124
Otitis media
``` S. pneumoniae H. influenzae M. catarrhalis S. pyogenes S. aureus E. coli P. aeruginosa Mycoplasma ```
125
Pharyngitis
``` Virus S. pyogenes H. influenzae C. pneumoniae M. pneumoniae C. diphtheriae ```
126
Laryngitis
``` Parainfluenza RSV S. aureus S. pyogenes S. pneumoniae H. influenzae M. catarrhalis ```
127
Epiglottitis
H. influenzae
128
Sinusitis
``` S. pneumoniae H. influenzae M. catarrhalis Viruses S. pyogenes S. aureus Anaerobes ```
129
Acute bronchitis
Virus Mycoplasma Chlamydia
130
Chronic bronchitis
``` H. influenzae/ parainfluenza S. pneumoniae M. catarrhalis N. meningitidis K. pneumoniae S. marcescens P. aeruginosa ```
131
Bronchiolitis
RSV | Parainfluenza
132
Community acquired pneumonia
``` S. pneumoniaw H. influenzae M. catarrhalis M. pneumoniae C. pneumoniae MSSA/RA Anaerobes Legionella Enterobacteriaceae P. aeruginosa Influenza RSV ```
133
Hospital acquired pneumonia
``` Enterobacteriaceae P. aeruginosa S. aureua Legionella Anaerobes S. maltophilia Acinetobacter ```
134
Aspiration pneumonia
Anaerobes | Gram positives
135
Pneumonia in immunocompromised
``` Aspergillus Blastomyces Histoplasma Cryptococcus Candida albicans PCP Toxoplasma Cryptosporidia Strongyloides ```
136
Tuberculosis
M. tuberculosis
137
Meningitis
``` S. pneumoniae Streptococci MSSA/MRSA N. meningitidis H. influenzae L. monocytogenes Enterobacteriaceae Psudomonas ```
138
Encephalitis
Herpesviridae | Listeria
139
Brain abcess
``` MRSA/MSSA S. pneumoniae H. influenzae Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas B. fragilis Anaerobes ```
140
Shunt infections
``` MSSA/MRSA MRSE S. pneumoniae other strep Enterococci N. meningitidis H. influenzae Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas Corynebacterium Propionibacterium Candida ```
141
Native valve endocarditis
Viridans streptococci | S. bovis
142
IV drug user without prosthesis endocarditis
MSSA/MRSA
143
Endocarditis caused by prosthesis
MRSE MSSA/MRSA Gram negatives
144
Enterococcal endocarditis
E. faecalis
145
GNB endocarditis
Enterobacteriaceae | P. aeruginosa
146
Fungal endocarditis
Candida | Aspergillus
147
Gastroenteritis with diarrhea
``` Norwalk virus Rotavirus Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter E. coli Clostridia ```
148
Primary peritonitis
E. coli K. pneumoniae Streptococci
149
CAPD peritonitis
``` MRSE Enterobacteriaceae Anaerobes Fungi Mycobacteria ```
150
Fungal peritonitis
Candida
151
Secondary peritonitis
``` E. coli other enterobacter Pseudomonas gram positive aerobes Bacteroides other anaerobes ```
152
Cholangitis (Biliary duct) infection
``` E. coli other Enterobacteriaceae Anaerobes S. viridans S. aureus P. aeruginosa ```
153
Cholecystitis
E. coli other Enterobacteriaceae Enterococcus Anaerobes
154
Peptic ulcer disease
H. pylori
155
Acute cystitis
E. coli S. saprophyticus Enterococci GNB
156
Community pyelonephritis
E. coli | Proteus
157
Nosocomial pyelonephritis
E. coli/ GNB Pseudomonas Enterococcus
158
Catheter associated UTI
``` MRSE MSSA/MRSA Enterococcus E.coli P. mirabilis P. aerugimosa Enterobacteriaceae Serratia Candida ```
159
Acute prostatitis
N. gonorrhea Chlamydia Enterobacteriaceae
160
Chronic prostatitis
Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas Enterococcus
161
Urethritis
``` N. gonorrhea C. trachomatis Trichomonas vaginalis U. urealyticum Mycoplasma genitalium ```
162
Pelvic inflammatory disease
``` N. gonorrhea C. trachomatis Enterobacteriaceae U. urealyticum Bacteroides ```
163
Genital Herpes
HSV-1 | HSV-2
164
Chancroid
H. ducreyi
165
Lymphogranuloma vereneum
Chlamydia
166
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
167
Gonarrhea
N. gonorrhea
168
Epididymitis
N. gonorrhea C. trachomatis E. coli
169
Vaginosis/itis
``` G. vaginalis Bacteroides Peptococcus M. hominis Candida ```
170
Vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis | candida
171
Genital warts
Human papillomavirus
172
Clean surgeries
Staph | Strep
173
Dirty surgeries
GNB Enterococci Anaerobes