Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
1
Q
Cohesion
A
- Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding
- Helpful when fighting gravity to transport water through plants
2
Q
Adhesion
A
- Water molecules being attracted to the cell walls in things such as plants
- Helpful when fighting gravity to transport water through plants
3
Q
Surface Tension
A
- Water molecules are hydrogen bonded to each other, but not the air above
- Makes it very difficult to stretch or break water droplets
4
Q
Moderation of Temperature by Water
A
-Absorbing heat from air that is warmer, releasing the stored heat into air that is cooler
5
Q
Temperature
A
-AVERAGE KE of molecules in a body of matter, independent of volume
6
Q
Thermal Energy
A
- KE associated w/ random movement of atoms or molecules
- Total kinetic energy, dependent on volume
- When transferred from one body of matter to another= heat
7
Q
Calorie
A
- cal
- The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree C
8
Q
Kilocalorie
A
- 1,000 calories
- Quantity of heat required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree C
9
Q
Water’s High Specific Heat
A
- Water’s specific heat= 1 Calorie
- Water’s high specific heat makes it change temperature less than other substances
- Traced back to hydrogen bonds
- Heat absorbed= hydrogen bonds break
- Heat lost= hydrogen bonds form
10
Q
Specific Heat
A
- How well a substance resists changing its temp when it absorbs or releases heat
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
11
Q
Evaporative Cooling
A
- As a liquid evaporates, the surface of that liquid that remains cools down
- Happens because the molecules w/ the greatest KE leave (hottest ones)
12
Q
Heat of Vaporization
A
-The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from a liquid to a gaseous state
13
Q
Emergent Properties of Water
A
- Moderation of Temperature
- Cohesion
- Floating Ice on Liquid Water
- Water as a solvent for life
14
Q
Floating Ice on Liquid Water
A
- Ice (solid)= less dense than its liquid form, water
- Water molecules expand instead of contracting when frozen
- Water freezes because molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds
15
Q
Water as a Solvent
A
- Water= a good solvent because of hydrogen bonds
- Ex: When dissolving salt, hydrogen cations are attracted to chloride anions and oxygen anions are attracted to sodium cations
16
Q
Solution
A
-A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
17
Q
Solvent
A
- The dissolving agent of a solution
- Ex: water
18
Q
Solute
A
-The substance that is dissolving
19
Q
Aqueous Solution
A
-Solution where solvent= water
20
Q
Hydration Shell
A
-The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
21
Q
Hydrophilic Substances
A
-Any substance that likes water, will SOMETIMES dissolve
22
Q
Hydrophobic Substances
A
- Nonionic/nonpolar substances (can’t create hydrogen bonds), repel water
- Ex: Vegetable oil
23
Q
Molecular Mass
A
-The sum of all the masses of the atoms in a molecule
24
Q
Mole (mol)
A
- 6.02x10^23
- Avagadro’s number
- 1 mole= 1 dalton
25
Molarity
-The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
| Equation: A x B= C x D
26
When a water molecule loses a proton/ hydrogen ion, what happens?
- A hydroxide ion is made (OH-)
| - OH- is basic
27
What happens when a water molecule gains an extra proton/hydrogen ion?
- Hydronium ion (H3O+) is made
| - Also known simply as H+, acidic
28
PH scale
-Less than 7= acidic
-More than 7= basic
=7 is neutral
-Ex: Water
29
Organic Chemistry
- The study of carbon compounds
| - Range from simple to complex
30
Abiotic Synthesis
- Organic compounds arising from nonliving things
- Thought to be an early stage in the origins of life
- Demonstrated by Stanley Miller and Harold Ureg's experiments
31
Spontaneous Generation
-Living organisms come from non-living organisms
| Ex: Maggots from meat, come from rotten meat, but really came from flies
32
Carbon's Emergent Properties
- Can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
- Due to carbon's four valence electrons, creates single or double covalent bonds
- Simple or large, complex moleculed
- Variation in carbon skeletons is one important source of molecular complexity and diversity that characterizes living matter
33
Hydrocarbons
- Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
- Hydrophobic
- Undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy
34
Isomers
- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures
- Leads to different properties
- 3 Types: Structural, cis-trans, enantiomers
35
Structural Isomers
- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
| - May also differ in the location of their double bonds
36
Cis-Trans Isomers
- Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but atoms differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonded carbons
- Cis= same side of DB
- Trans= opposite side DB
37
Enantiomers
- Isomers that are mirror images of each other due to asymmetrical carbon
- Left handed vs right handed version of molecule
38
Functional Groups
- Chemical groups involved directly in chemical reactions
- Each has certain properties such as shape and charge, which cause it to participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way
- 7 groups:
- Hydroxyl
- Carbonyl
- Carboxyl
- Amino
- Phosphate
- Methyl
- Sulfhydrl
39
Hydroxyl
- Written (-OH)
- Polar due to electronegative oxygen
- Forms hydrogen bonds with water
- Compound name: alcohol
40
Carbonyl
- Written (C=O)
- Sugars with ketone groups called ketoses
- Those with aldehydes are called aldoses
- Compound name: Ketone or aldehyde
41
Carboxyl
- Written (-COOH)
- Acts as an acid
- Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
42
Amino
- Written (-NH2)
- Acts as a base
- Compound name: Amine
43
Phosphate
- Written (-OPO3^2-)
- Contributes to negative charge
- When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy
- Compound name: Organic phosphate
44
Methyl
- Written (-CH3)
- Affects the expression of genes and shape and function of sex hormones
- Compound name: Methylated compound
45
Sulfhydryl
- Written (-SH)
- Two SH groups can react, forming a "crosslink" that helps stabilize protein structure"
- Compound name: Thiol
46
Adenosine Triphospahte (ATP)
- Important organic phosphate
- Consists of organic molecule adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
- Stores potential to react w/ water
- Releases energy that can be used by the cell
47
Evolution
- The process of change over time that has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on Earth
* Adaptations are the result of this
- Accounts for unity and diversity of life
48
Properties of Life
- Order
- Energy Processing
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- Regulation
- Growth and Development
- Response to environment
- Reproduction
49
Reductionism
- Method that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
- Provides an incomplete view of life on Earth
50
Levels of Organization
1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystems
3. Communities
4. Populations
5. Organisms
6. Organs
7. Tissues
8. Cells
9. Organelles
10. Molecules
51
Biosphere
1. All life on Earth and all the places where life exists
52
Ecosystems
2. All living things in a particular area, along with all the non-living components of the environment which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light
Ex: North American meadow in the mountains
53
Communities
3. The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
- Group of populations
- Ex: In the meadow are different plants, animals, mushrooms, microorganisms
54
Populations
4. All the individual species living within the bounds of a specific area
Ex: The meadow has a population of dandelions
55
Organism
5. Individual living things
| Ex: A single dandelion in a population of dandelions
56
Organs
6. A body part made up of multiple tissues w/ a specific function
Ex: heart, lungs
57
Tissues
7. A group of cells w/ specialized function
| Ex: cardiovascular tissue
58
Cells
8. Smallest , fundamental unit of structure and function
- Types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
- Cell theory: all living organisms are made of cells
59
Organelles
9. The various functional components present in cells
| Ex: Chloroplast
60
Molecules
10. A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms
| Ex: Chlorophyll in chloroplast
61
Emergent Properties
-At the molecular level, novel properties emerge at each new level
Ex: Photosynthesis takes place in a chloroplast, but not in chlorophyll (organelle vs. molecules)
62
Systems Biology
- A holistic approach to define the complexity of biological components
- Understanding that the networks of whole living organisms are more than the sum of their parts
- Used to fully explore emergent properties
63
Structure and Function
- Correlation between structure and function
| - Cells= basic unit of organisms structure and function
64
Eukaryotic Cells
- Cells that contain membrane-enclosed organelles, nucleus
| - Found in plants and animals
65
Prokaryotic
- Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles
| - Smaller than eukaryotic
66
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Chromosomes--> DNA--> genes -Made up of 2 long chains called strand, engaged in a double helix
- Each strand is made up of 4 types of nucleotides: A, T, C, and G
67
Genes
- Each section of the DNA of a chromosome
- Units of inheritance
- Establish a cell's identity and function
68
Gene Expression
-The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
69
Genome
-The entire library of genetic instructions that organisms inherit
70
Proteomics
-The study of sets of proteins and their properties
71
Proteome
-The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism
72
Producers
-Organisms which produce energy, such as photosynthetic plants
73
Consumers
-Organisms, such as animals, that feed on other organisms or their remains
74
Energy and Matter
- When organisms use energy to perform work, some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat
- Energy flows through an ecosystem, entering as light and exiting as heat
- Chemicals cycle within an ecosystem, where they are used and then recycled
75
Interaction
- Important in biological systems
- Interactions btwn components -- organs, tissues, cells, molecules-- that make up living organisms are crucial to their smooth operation
- Interactions bwtn organisms= good or harmful
76
Charles Darwin
- On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
- Species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors
- Natural selection is behind descent with modification
- Explained duality of unity and diversity
77
Natural Selection
- Survival of the fittest
| - Results in the adaptation of organisms to the circumstances of their way of life and their environment
78
Deductive Reasoning
-General to specific reasoning
79
Inductive Reasoning
-Specific to general reasoning
80
Hypothesis
-Explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction
81
Controlled Experiment
-experimental group is compared to control group
82
Variables
-Features or quantities that vary in an experiment
83
Independent Variable
-Manipulated by researchers
84
Dependent Variable
-Measured/ predicted
85
Matter
-Anything that takes up space and has mass
86
Element
-A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reaction
87
Compound
-A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
88
Essential Element
-Elements an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce
89
Trace elements
-Elements required by an organism in small quantites
90
Atom
-The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
91
Atomic Nucleus
- The center of an atom
| - Made up of protons and neutrons
92
Atomic Number
-The number of protons in an element
93
Mass Number
-The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
94
Atomic Mass
- Full mass of an atomic, similar to the mass number
| - Under the Element symbol
95
Isotope
- Different atomic form of the same element due to different numbers of neutrons
- Half-life is used to date fossils
96
Radioactive Isotope
-One in which the nucleus decays, giving off particles of energy
97
Energy
-The capacity to cause change through work
98
Potential Energy
-Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
99
Valence Electrons
- The electrons in the outermost electron shell
| - Valence= number of valence electrons
100
Chemical bonds
-Types: covalent and ionic
101
Ionic Bond
-Steals electron from another atom due to unequal attraction
102
Van Der Waals Interaction
-Ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enables all atoms to stick to one another
