Chapters 1-4 COPY Flashcards
1
Q
Hydrogen Bonding
A
- Oxygen and hydrogen atoms in H2O have polar covalent bonds
- Oxygen= more electronegative than Hydrogen (positive)
- Due to unequal sharing of electrons
- Oxygen= more electronegative than Hydrogen (positive)
- Hydrogen’s positive atoms are attracted to negative oxygen atoms of other water–> Hydrogen
2
Q
Cohesion
A
- Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding
- Helpful when fighting gravity to transport water through plants
3
Q
Adhesion
A
- Water molecules being attracted to the cell walls in things such as plants
- Helpful when fighting gravity to transport water through plants
4
Q
Surface Tension
A
- Water molecules are hydrogen bonded to each other, but not the air above
- Makes it very difficult to stretch or break water droplets
5
Q
Moderation of Temperature by Water
A
-Absorbing heat from air that is warmer, releasing the stored heat into air that is cooler
6
Q
Kinetic Energy
A
-The energy of motion
7
Q
Temperature
A
-AVERAGE KE of molecules in a body of matter, independent of volume
8
Q
Thermal Energy
A
- KE associated w/ random movement of atoms or molecules
- Total kinetic energy, dependent on volume
- When transferred from one body of matter to another= heat
9
Q
Calorie
A
- cal
- The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree C
10
Q
Kilocalorie
A
- 1,000 calories
- Quantity of heat required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree C
11
Q
Water’s High Specific Heat
A
- Water’s specific heat= 1 Calorie
- Water’s high specific heat makes it change temperature less than other substances
- Traced back to hydrogen bonds
- Heat absorbed= hydrogen bonds break
- Heat lost= hydrogen bonds form
12
Q
Specific Heat
A
- How well a substance resists changing its temp when it absorbs or releases heat
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
13
Q
Evaporative Cooling
A
- As a liquid evaporates, the surface of that liquid that remains cools down
- Happens because the molecules w/ the greatest KE leave (hottest ones)
14
Q
Heat of Vaporization
A
-The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from a liquid to a gaseous state
15
Q
Emergent Properties of Water
A
- Moderation of Temperature
- Cohesion
- Floating Ice on Liquid Water
- Water as a solvent for life
16
Q
Floating Ice on Liquid Water
A
- Ice (solid)= less dense than its liquid form, water
- Water molecules expand instead of contracting when frozen
- Water freezes because molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds
17
Q
Water as a Solvent
A
- Water= a good solvent because of hydrogen bonds
- Ex: When dissolving salt, hydrogen cations are attracted to chloride anions and oxygen anions are attracted to sodium cations
18
Q
Solution
A
-A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
19
Q
Solvent
A
- The dissolving agent of a solution
- Ex: water
20
Q
Solute
A
-The substance that is dissolving
21
Q
Aqueous Solution
A
-Solution where solvent= water
22
Q
Hydration Shell
A
-The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
23
Q
Hydrophilic Substances
A
-Any substance that likes water, will SOMETIMES dissolve
24
Q
Hydrophobic Substances
A
- Nonionic/nonpolar substances (can’t create hydrogen bonds), repel water
- Ex: Vegetable oil
25
Molecular Mass
-The sum of all the masses of the atoms in a molecule
26
Mole (mol)
- 6.02x10^23
- Avagadro's number
- 1 mole= 1 dalton
27
Molarity
-The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
| Equation: A x B= C x D
28
When a water molecule loses a proton/ hydrogen ion, what happens?
- A hydroxide ion is made (OH-)
| - OH- is basic
29
What happens when a water molecule gains an extra proton/hydrogen ion?
- Hydronium ion (H3O+) is made
| - Also known simply as H+, acidic
30
PH scale
-Less than 7= acidic
-More than 7= basic
=7 is neutral
-Ex: Water
31
Organic Chemistry
- The study of carbon compounds
| - Range from simple to complex
32
Abiotic Synthesis
- Organic compounds arising from nonliving things
- Thought to be an early stage in the origins of life
- Demonstrated by Stanley Miller and Harold Ureg's experiments
33
Spontaneous Generation
-Living organisms come from non-living organisms
| Ex: Maggots from meat, come from rotten meat, but really came from flies
34
Carbon's Emergent Properties
- Can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
- Due to carbon's four valence electrons, creates single or double covalent bonds
- Simple or large, complex moleculed
- Variation in carbon skeletons is one important source of molecular complexity and diversity that characterizes living matter
35
Hydrocarbons
- Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
- Hydrophobic
- Undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy
36
Isomers
- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures
- Leads to different properties
- 3 Types: Structural, cis-trans, enantiomers
37
Structural Isomers
- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
| - May also differ in the location of their double bonds
38
Cis-Trans Isomers
- Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but atoms differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonded carbons
- Cis= same side of DB
- Trans= opposite side DB
39
Enantiomers
- Isomers that are mirror images of each other due to asymmetrical carbon
- Left handed vs right handed version of molecule
40
Functional Groups
- Chemical groups involved directly in chemical reactions
- Each has certain properties such as shape and charge, which cause it to participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way
- 7 groups:
- Hydroxyl
- Carbonyl
- Carboxyl
- Amino
- Phosphate
- Methyl
- Sulfhydrl
41
Hydroxyl
- Written (-OH)
- Polar due to electronegative oxygen
- Forms hydrogen bonds with water
- Compound name: alcohol
42
Carbonyl
- Written (C=O)
- Sugars with ketone groups called ketoses
- Those with aldehydes are called aldoses
- Compound name: Ketone or aldehyde
43
Carboxyl
- Written (-COOH)
- Acts as an acid
- Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
44
Amino
- Written (-NH2)
- Acts as a base
- Compound name: Amine
45
Phosphate
- Written (-OPO3^2-)
- Contributes to negative charge
- When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy
- Compound name: Organic phosphate
46
Methyl
- Written (-CH3)
- Affects the expression of genes and shape and function of sex hormones
- Compound name: Methylated compound
47
Sulfhydryl
- Written (-SH)
- Two SH groups can react, forming a "crosslink" that helps stabilize protein structure"
- Compound name: Thiol
48
Adenosine Triphospahte (ATP)
- Important organic phosphate
- Consists of organic molecule adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
- Stores potential to react w/ water
- Releases energy that can be used by the cell
49
Evolution
- The process of change over time that has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on Earth
* Adaptations are the result of this
- Accounts for unity and diversity of life
50
Biology
-The scientific study of life
51
Properties of Life
- Order
- Energy Processing
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- Regulation
- Growth and Development
- Response to environment
- Reproduction
52
Reductionism
- Method that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
- Provides an incomplete view of life on Earth
53
Levels of Organization
1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystems
3. Communities
4. Populations
5. Organisms
6. Organs
7. Tissues
8. Cells
9. Organelles
10. Molecules
54
Biosphere
1. All life on Earth and all the places where life exists
55
Ecosystems
2. All living things in a particular area, along with all the non-living components of the environment which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light
Ex: North American meadow in the mountains
56
Communities
3. The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
- Group of populations
- Ex: In the meadow are different plants, animals, mushrooms, microorganisms
57
Populations
4. All the individual species living within the bounds of a specific area
Ex: The meadow has a population of dandelions
58
Organism
5. Individual living things
| Ex: A single dandelion in a population of dandelions
59
Organs
6. A body part made up of multiple tissues w/ a specific function
Ex: heart, lungs
60
Tissues
7. A group of cells w/ specialized function
| Ex: cardiovascular tissue
61
Cells
8. Smallest , fundamental unit of structure and function
- Types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
- Cell theory: all living organisms are made of cells
62
Organelles
9. The various functional components present in cells
| Ex: Chloroplast
63
Molecules
10. A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms
| Ex: Chlorophyll in chloroplast
64
Emergent Properties
-At the molecular level, novel properties emerge at each new level
Ex: Photosynthesis takes place in a chloroplast, but not in chlorophyll (organelle vs. molecules)
65
Systems Biology
- A holistic approach to define the complexity of biological systems starting from the understanding that the networks of whole living organisms are more than the sum of their parts
- Used to fully explore emergent properties
66
Structure and Function
- Correlation between structure and function
| - Cells= basic unit of organisms structure and function
67
Eukaryotic Cells
- Cells that contain membrane-enclosed organelles, nucleus
| - Found in plants and animals
68
Prokaryotic
- Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles
| - Smaller than eukaryotic
69
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Within a cell, structures inside chromosomes that contain genetic material -Made up of 2 long chains called strand, engaged in a double helix
- Each strand is made up of 4 types of nucleotides: A, T, C, and G
70
Genes
- Each section of the DNA of a chromosome
- Units of inheritance
- Establish a cell's identity and function
71
Gene Expression
-The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
72
Genome
-The entire library of genetic instructions that organisms inherit
73
Proteomics
-The study of sets of proteins and their properties
74
Proteome
-The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism
75
Producers
-Organisms which produce energy, such as photosynthetic plants
76
Consumers
-Organisms, such as animals, that feed on other organisms or their remains
77
Energy and Matter
- When organisms use energy to perform work, some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat
- Energy flows through an ecosystem, entering as light and exiting as heat
- Chemicals cycle within an ecosystem, where they are used and then recycled
78
Interaction
- Important in biological systems
- Interactions btwn components -- organs, tissues, cells, molecules-- that make up living organisms are crucial to their smooth operation
- Interactions bwtn organisms= good or harmful
79
Charles Darwin
- On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
- Species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors
- Natural selection is behind descent with modification
- Explained duality of unity and diversity
80
Natural Selection
- Survival of the fittest
| - Results in the adaptation of organisms to the circumstances of their way of life and their environment
81
Deductive Reasoning
-General to specific reasoning
82
Inductive Reasoning
-Specific to general reasoning
83
Hypothesis
-Explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction
84
Controlled Experiment
-experimental group is compared to control group
85
Variables
-Features or quantities that vary in an experiment
86
Independent Variable
-Manipulated by researchers
87
Dependent Variable
-Measured/ predicted
88
Matter
-Anything that takes up space and has mass
89
Element
-A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reaction
90
Compound
-A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
91
Essential Element
-Elements an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce
92
Trace elements
-Elements required by an organism in small quantites
93
Atom
-The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
94
Atomic Nucleus
- The center of an atom
| - Made up of protons and neutrons
95
Atomic Number
-The number of protons in an element
96
Mass Number
-The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
97
Atomic Mass
- Full mass of an atomic, similar to the mass number
| - Under the Element symbol
98
Isotope
- Different atomic form of the same element due to different numbers of neutrons
- Half-life is used to date fossils
99
Radioactive Isotope
-One in which the nucleus decays, giving off particles of energy
100
Energy
-The capacity to cause change through work
101
Potential Energy
-Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
102
Valence Electrons
- The electrons in the outermost electron shell
| - Valence= number of valence electrons
103
Chemical bonds
-Types: covalent and ionic
104
Ionic Bond
-Steals electron from another atom due to unequal attraction
105
Van Der Waals Interaction
-Ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enables all atoms to stick to one another
