Chapters 1-4 ppts

Question 1

What is psychological dysfunction?

Answer 1

A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Question 2

What is personal distress?

Answer 2

A non-culturally expected response, whose definition depends on the person’s background and culture

Question 3

What is a scientist-practitioner?

Answer 3

Those who are both producers and consumers of research, and utilize empirical methods

Question 4

What does the supernatural tradition say about deviant behavior?

Answer 4

It says it’s a battle of good versus evil, and refers to it as demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, etc. Treatments included: exorcism, torture/beatings, crude surgeries, and leeches.

Question 5

Where does the term lunacy come from?

Answer 5

The moon

Question 6

True or false: major psychological disorders have existed in all cultures and across all time periods, but treatments vary widely across cultures and time

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What does the Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition say?

Answer 7

That mental illness equals physical illness; that if you are experiencing psychological problems, it’s because you have imbalanced fluids (humors) in your body.

Question 8

Define diathesis stress theory

Answer 8

the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role.

Question 9

What was one of Freud’s ideas that’s less well-known?

Answer 9

Coming up with the idea that talking to people can help them (therapy)

Question 10

What did Freud think cocaine is a cure for?

Answer 10

Asthma, concentration problems, eating disorders, aphrodisiac, and morphine addiction

Question 11

What is the freudian structure of the mind?

Answer 11

Id, ego, and superego

Question 12

Define ‘id’ in the freudian structure of the mind

Answer 12

In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives.

Question 13

Define ‘ego’ in the freudian structure of the mind

Answer 13

In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

Question 14

Define ‘superego’ in the freudian structure of the mind

Answer 14

In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society

Question 15

What are some examples of defense mechanisms?

Answer 15

Repression, sublimation, displacement, denial, rationalization, projection, and reaction formation

Question 16

Who came up with the idea of a hierarchy of needs?

Answer 16

Abraham Maslow

Question 17

What did Abraham Maslow contribute to the idea of ‘needs’?

Answer 17

He came up with the hierarchy of needs

Question 18

What are the 5 sections of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs from top to bottom?

Answer 18

Self-actualization (maximizing one’s potential), Esteem (respect), Belongingness and love (acceptance, affection), Safety (nurturance, money), and Physiological (food, water, air)

Question 19

What do defense mechanisms do?

Answer 19

They help you cope with guilt or anxiety

Question 20

True or false: finding the “real problem” is one of the main ideas of therapy

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True or false: therapy is usually long-term

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What are two therapy techniques used by Freud?

Answer 22

Free association and dream analysis

Question 23

What are transference and counter-transference problems?

Answer 23

When patients begin talking to their therapist like they’re a family member and vice-versa

Question 24

What are the problems with Freud’s approach?

Answer 24

His concepts were rather abstract, and there is little evidence for the efficacy of his treatments and ideas

Question 25

True or false: most of Freud's ideas are regarded today as unscientific

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Who was a founder of humanistic psychology?

Answer 26

Carl Rogers

Question 27

What was one of the main tools used in Carl Rogers' therapy sessions?

Answer 27

Unconditional positive regard (the therapist reacts to the patient positively but doesn't give firm advice/ tell the patient what to do)

Question 28

Is classical conditioning a behaviorist or humanist idea?

Answer 28

Behaviorist

Question 29

Who came up with the idea of systematic desensitization?

Answer 29

Joseph Wolpe

Question 30

Give two examples of behaviorists

Answer 30

Pavlov and Watson

Question 31

What is behaviorism?

Answer 31

The idea that all human behavior is just a reaction to external stimuli

Question 32

What is "black box therapy"?

Answer 32

When you slowly desensitize yourself or a patient to a phobia (ex: first imagine a spider, then look at a picture of a spider, then watch a video, etc) to decondition their body's fear response

Question 33

What are the 3 key concepts of assessment?

Answer 33

Stability, reliability, and validity

Question 34

What are two forms of reliability?

Answer 34

Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability

Question 35

What are four types of validity?

Answer 35

Concurrent, discriminant, predictive, and face validity

Question 36

Psychological testing must be ___ and ____

Answer 36

Reliable and valid

Question 37

Projective tests (such as Rorschach, TAT) have roots in what?

Answer 37

Freudian psychoanalytic tradition (trying to make the unconscious conscious)

Question 38

What kind of stimuli do projective tests use, and to what degree do they utilize inference in scoring?

Answer 38

They use ambiguous test stimuli with the aim of making the unconscious conscious, and there's a high degree of inference in scoring

Question 39

Describe and give examples of objective testing

Answer 39

Objective testing has roots in empirical tradition, its stimuli are less ambiguous, there's minimal clinical inference in scoring. It also has extensive reliability, validity, and normative database. Ex: Personality tests, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 40

Classification is central to what?

Answer 40

All sciences

Question 41

The DSM is now in its ____ edition

Answer 41

5th

Question 42

What are two problems with the DSM? What do these dilemmas mean?

Answer 42

Its categorical model dominates the conceptualization of mental disorders, and it doesn't explain the high rates of comorbidity between certain illnesses (ex: depression and anxiety occur together in 80% of cases). Both of these problems suggest that the DSM may be giving one set of symptoms many labels.

Question 43

Correlation ranges from ___ to ___

Answer 43

-1 to 1 (1 = 100% correlated)

Question 44

Describe experimental research

Answer 44

It uses the manipulation of independent variables to form casual relations between two or more variables.

Question 45

Name 4 strategies used in genetic research

Answer 45

Family studies Adoptee studies Twin studies Genotype vs. Phenotype

Question 46

What two components should be a part of every research program?

Answer 46

They should have several methodologies and replication

Question 47

Define standardization

Answer 47

Keeping tests consistent in multiple situations (i.e. all participants are given the exact same test in the same conditions)

Question 48

Describe test-retest reliability

Answer 48

If you take the same test twice, will the results be the same?

Question 49

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 49

The idea that if you take a test twice, but with two different administrators, you should get the same score twice

Question 50

What does reliability ask about a test?

Answer 50

Is the test measuring what it's supposed to measure?

Question 51

What is the future-oriented mood state?

Answer 51

Anxiety

Question 52

What are the common characteristics of anxiety disorders?

Answer 52

* Anxiety and fear * Avoidance and escape * Significant distress/ impairment

Question 53

What is a panic attack?

Answer 53

• Intense fear or discomfort • Physical symptoms (e.g., breathlessness, chest pain)

Question 54

What can cause anxiety?

Answer 54

* Anxiety and brain circuits; genetic vulnerability | * Depleted levels of GABA

Question 55

What is a highly effective way to treat anxiety?

Answer 55

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

Question 56

What does the 'basic' anxiety disorder look like?

Answer 56

* Excessive uncontrollable anxiety * Six months or more * Anyone and everyone

Question 57

What are 3 common treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Answer 57

* Medication! * CBT * Meditation therapy

Question 58

What is OCD?

Answer 58

* Obsessions * or * Compulsions

Question 59

What are the common treatments for OCD?

Answer 59

* SSRIs - Relapse is common * Psychosurgery (cingulotomy) * CBT and Exposure!

Question 60

What is panic disorder?

Answer 60

Unexpected panic attack (i.e., a false alarm)

Question 61

What percent of people with panic disorder are women?

Answer 61

66%

Question 62

Give examples of subtypes of specific phobia

Answer 62

* Blood-injury-injection phobia * Situational phobia * Natural environment phobia * Animal phobia

Question 63

What can cause specific phobias?

Answer 63

* Direct experience | * Biological and evolutionary vulnerability

Question 64

What are the treatments for specific phobias?

Answer 64

CBT and exposure

Question 65

What is social phobia?

Answer 65

Extreme and irrational fear in social/performance situations

Question 66

_____ of the general population has social phobia

Answer 66

12.1%

Question 67

Social phobia is most commonly found in ____men/women___ and its onset is typically in the _______ stage of life.

Answer 67

Social phobia is most commonly found in women and its onset is typically in the adolescent stage.

Question 68

What are the common treatments for social phobia?

Answer 68

CBT and exposure

Question 69

What is symptom cluster #1 for PTSD?

Answer 69

Reexperiencing symptoms

Question 70

What is symptom cluster #2 for PTSD?

Answer 70

Avoidance and emotional numbing

Question 71

What is symptom cluster #3 for PTSD?

Answer 71

Hyperarousal symptoms

Question 72

What is symptom cluster #4 for PTSD?

Answer 72

Negative mood and cognition

Question 73

What are the common treatments for PTSD?

Answer 73

CBT and exposure therapy