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Oral Communication > Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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0
Q

Active perception

A

Perception in which your mind selects organizes and interprets that which you sense

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1
Q

Perception

A

The process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses.

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2
Q

Subjective perception

A

Your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli

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3
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

The idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change; your initial perceptions persist

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4
Q

Role

A

The part an individual plays in a group; an individuals function or expected behavior

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5
Q

Co-culture

A

A group whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the larger culture of which it is a part and with which it shares numerous similarities

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6
Q

Selective exposure

A

The tendency to expose yourself to information that reinforces rather than contradicts your beliefs or opinions

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7
Q

Selective attention

A

Tendency, when you expose yourself to information and ideas, to focus on certain cues and ignore others.

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8
Q

Selective perception

A

The tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want to see, hear and believe.

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9
Q

Selective retention

A

The tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs rather than oppose them.

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10
Q

Figure

A

The focal point of your attention

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11
Q

Ground

A

The background against which your focused attention occurs

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12
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement

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13
Q

Proximity

A

The principle that objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group

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14
Q

Similarity

A

The principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color or shape.

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15
Q

Interpretive perception

A

Perception that involves a blend of internal states and external stimuli

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16
Q

Perception checking

A
  1. Describe behavior
  2. Suggest more than one plausible interpretation
  3. Seek clarification
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17
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

The process in which the self develops through the messages and feedback received from others

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18
Q

Identity management

A

The control of the communication of information through a performance.

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19
Q

Language

A

A collection of symbols letters or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate

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20
Q

Decode

A

Process of assigning meaning to others’ words in order to translate them into thoughts of your own

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21
Q

Semantics

A

Study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others

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22
Q

Syntax

A

The way words are arranged

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23
Q

Encode

A

Process of translating thoughts into words

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24
Pragmatics
The study of language in social context
25
Phatic communication
Language used to establish a sociable mood, such as saying "how are you"
26
Sapir-whorf hypothesis
Theory that our perception of reality is determined by thought processes and that thought process are limited by our language and therefore language shapes our reality
27
Denotative meaning
The agreed upon meaning or dictionary meaning
28
Connotative meaning
Individualized or personalized meaning, may be emotional laden
29
Descriptiveness
Practicing of describing behavior or phenomena instead of offering judgments
30
Paraphrasing
Restating another's message in other words
31
Operational definition
Definition that identifies something by how it works or is made or what it consists of
32
Concrete language
Words and statements that are specific instead of vague
33
Dating
Specifying when you made an observation, as everything changes over time
34
Frozen evaluation
An assessment that does not change over time
35
Indexing
Identifying the uniqueness objects, events and people. Opposite of stereotyping.
36
Cultural competence
The ability of individuals and systems to respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions in a manner that recognizes, affirms and values the worth of individuals, families and communities and protects and preserves the dignity of each
37
Repetition
The same message is sent both verbally and nonverbally
38
Emphasis
"Underlines" a verbal message
39
Complements toon
Verbal and nonverbal agree in "mood"
40
Contradiction
Verbal and nonverbal conflict
41
Substitution
Nonverbal codes used instead of verbal codes
42
Regulation
Nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interactions with others
43
Kinesics
The study of bodily movements including posture, gestures, and facial expressions
44
Illustrators
Nonverbals that accompany/reinforce verbal message
45
Affect displays
Nonverbal movement to show emotion
46
Regulators
Nonverbals that control communication | Ex. Starting to walk away when wanting to stop talking
47
Adaptors
Nonverbals that you don't complete in public but would in private, such as picking nose
48
Proxemics
The study of the human use of space and distance
49
Chronemics
The way people value time and the way messages are related to time Ex. Responding quickly to e-mail
50
Tactile communication
The use of touch in communication
51
Paralinguistic features
Nonword sounds of language
52
Vocal cues
Oral aspects of sound except words themselves
53
Pitch
Highness or lowness of speakers voice
54
Rate
Pace of speech
55
Inflection
Variety or changes in pitch
56
Objectics
Human use of clothing and artifacts as nonverbal codes
57
Artifacts
Ornaments or adornments that hold communicative potential
58
Hearing
Act of receiving sound
59
Listening
Active process or interpreting what you hear. Involves retaining information and responding empathetically
60
Selective attention
Sustained focus on stimuli we deem important
61
Automatic attention
Instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger
62
Working memory
The part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli we pay attention to
63
Short term memory
A temporary storage place for information
64
Long term memory
Permanent storage system for past experiences
65
Schema
Filing systems used in long term memory
66
Active listening
Involved listening with a purpose
67
Empathic listening
Listening to attempt to "understand"
68
Critical listening
Listening that challenges accuracy meaningfulness and utility of message
69
Barriers to listening
``` Physical distractions Mental distractions Factual distractions Semantic distractions Status Stereotypes Sights and sounds Egocentrism Defensiveness Experiential superiority Personal bias Pseudolistenjng (daydreaming) ```
70
Listening skills
``` Invite additional comments Ask questions Identify areas of agreement Vary verbal response Use non evaluative responses Provide affirmation Avoid silence ```
71
Lecture cues
Verbal or nonverbal signals that stress points or indicate transitions between ideas during a lecture
72
Lecture cue examples
``` Written cues (outlines, words/phrases) Verbal important cues Semantic cues Organizational cues Nonverbal cues ```

Oral Communication (3 decks)

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