Chapters 1-9, 11

Question 0

What are the characteristics common to all life?

Answer 0

Metabolic processes-obtaining, processing, assimilating nutrients to produce energy.
Generative processes-activities that result in growth and reproduction.
Control processes-ensures organisms carry out activities in the proper sequence/rate.
Responsiveness-allows organisms to react to stimuli or changes in the environment, has 3 parts- 1. Irritability-allows for a rapid reaction to a stimulus. 2. Individual adaptation- results from a reaction to the stimulus. 3. Evolution- genetic change in a population.

Question 1

What is biology?

Answer 1

The study of life.

Question 2

What are the major divisions of life?

Answer 2

1. Bacteria- prokaryotic organisms, unicellular, most diverse and widespread, majority are harmless
2. Archaea- prokaryotic, unicellular, extremophiles
3. Eukarya- eukaryotic, can be unicellular or multicellular, kingdoms are based largely on modes of nutrition
   Kingdom Protista- mostly unicellular, broad group, includes organisms such as Protozoa, algae, and slime molds
   Kingdom Fungi-mostly multicellular, important decomposes, some are mutualistic or parasitic
   Kingdom Plantae- terrestrial multicellular organisms
   Kingdom Animalia- multicellular eukaryotes, ingest other organisms,
   huge diversity in size and morphology(appearance)

Question 3

What are the levels of biological organization?

Answer 3

1. Molecule- chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded.
2. Organelle- functional components present in cells.
3. Cell- fundamental unit of structure and function in a living organism.
4. Tissue- groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions.
5. Organs & organ systems- groups of tissues and organs that work together to perform specific functions.
6. Organism- individual living thing.
7. Population- all individuals of the same species living in a single area.
8. Community- all living things which interact in a single area.
9. Ecosystem- all living things in an area and the nonliving components of the environment.
10. Biosphere- all life on earth and all of the places where life exists.

Question 4

What is phylogenetics?

Answer 4

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Question 5

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Answer 5

Observation, question,

Hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion.

Question 6

What is the difference between science, pseudoscience, and nonscience?

Answer 6

Science uses the scientific method to determine cause and effect relationships. Non science does not follow the scientific method. Pseudoscience misleading, lacking validity and reliability.

Question 7

What is a control group? Experimental group?

Answer 7

A control group is the group that is not being manipulated. It acts as a comparison or a baseline. An experimental group is the group being manipulated.

Question 8

What is a constant? Variable?

Answer 8

A constant is something that is kept the same. A variable is something that changes. The independent variable is what is being manipulated. The dependent variable is the response to the independent variable.

Question 9

What is matter?

Answer 9

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

Question 10

What is an element?

Answer 10

Any substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

Question 11

What is an atom?

Answer 11

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.

Question 12

What is a molecule?

Answer 12

A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded.

Question 13

What is an ion?

Answer 13

A charged atom or molecule.

Question 14

What is an isotope?

Answer 14

Two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons.

Question 15

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 15

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

Question 16

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 16

An attraction between an anion and a cation.

Question 17

What is a single covalent bond (single bond)?

Answer 17

The sharing of one pair of valence electrons.

Question 18

What is a double covalent bond(double bond)?

Answer 18

The sharing of two pairs of valence electrons.

Question 19

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 19

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.

Question 20

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 20

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally.

Question 21

What are the emergent properties of water?

Answer 21

Cohesion of water molecules, surface tension, moderation of temperature by water, ability of ice to float.

Question 22

What is the pH scale?

Answer 22

The negative logarithm of H+ concentration. “Power of hydrogen” 0-6= acid
7= neutral
8-14= base

Question 23

What are the the chemical reactions common to all life?

Answer 23

1. Acid/ base reactions- ions of acid interact with ions of a base.
2. Oxidation/Reduction- electron transferred from one atom to another, oxidatiom= molecule loses an electron
   Reduction= molecule gains an electron
3. Dehydration synthesis- water is released and new larger compound is produced
4. Hydrolysis- water is used to break down a larger reactant into smaller products, part of digestion.
5. Phosphorylation- phosphate group is added to another molecule, potential energy held in the bond makes this a very important molecules.

Question 24

What is the difference between inorganic and organic?

Answer 24

Organic contains carbon in long rings or chains.

Question 25

What are the four major categories of biological molecules?

Answer 25

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.