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Biology 1 > Chapter 12 Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Cell Cycle Flashcards

0
Q

What are the functions of cell division?

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Growth and Development
  3. Tissue renewal
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1
Q

What is the cell cycle? Cell division?

A

The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from it’s origin in the division of a parent cell until it’s own division into two cells. Cell division is the reproduction of cells.

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

All of a cell’s genetic material.

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3
Q

What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?

A

Chromosomes are a cellular structure carrying genetic material. Chromatin are the complex of DNA and proteins that make up Eukaryotic chromosomes.

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4
Q

What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes?

A

Somatic cells are all the body cells except the reproductive cells. Gametes are the reproductive cells.

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5
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere.

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6
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatids are attached.

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7
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of the genetic material of the nucleus.

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8
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What are the two phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Mitotic phase

2. Interphase

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10
Q

What are the stages of interphase and what happens in each?

A

G1- acquisition of nutrients and growth to proper size
S- DNA synthesis occurs
G2- completion of growth and readying for division

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11
Q

What are the stages of mitosis and what happens in each?

A
  1. Prophase-chromatin could into chromosomes consisting of 2 identical sister chromatids, mitotic spindle forms(asters visible), centrosomes move apart
  2. Prometaphase-nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes are condensed, spindle fibers attach to kinetochores of each chromosome, nonkinetochore microtubules interact with spindle of the opposite pole
  3. Metaphase-centrosomes now at opposite poles, chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, kinetochore of each sister chromatid is attached to kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles
  4. Anaphase-spindle fibers shorten, pulling the sister chromatids apart, chromosomes move toward opposite poles, cell elongates as nonkinetochore microtubules elongate
  5. Telophase-2 daughter nuclei for in be cell(nuclear envelope reappears), chromosomes become less condensed, spindle fibers break down
  6. Cytokinesis-Tightening of two sets of protein filaments forms a contractile ring that narrows along the cellular equator, a cleavage furrow develops
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12
Q

What are the end products of mitosis?

A

Two daughter cells.

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13
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Tightening of 2 sets of protein filaments forms a contractile ring that narrows along the cellular equator, as a result of the contractile ring, a cleavage furrow develops, the contractile ring continues to pinch the cell into 2, as this happens the cell membrane fuses creating 2 daughter cells.

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14
Q

How does cytokinesis differ between plants and animals?

A

In plants, the cell wall prevents formation of cleavage furrow and “pinching off.”

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15
Q

What is binary fission and what organisms use it?

A

Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in half. It is used by prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes.

16
Q

What is a checkpoint? What happens at each checkpoint?

A

A checkpoint is a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
G1 to S-ensures that the cells DNA is suitable for replication.
G2 to mitosis-ensures that DNA has been completely and accurately replicated.
Metaphase to anaphase-ensures that the chromosomes are aligned properly at the metaphase plate.

17
Q

What are some examples of types of cell cycle control?

A
  1. Cyclin-dependent kinases
  2. Growth factors
  3. Density-dependent inhibition
18
Q

What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?

A

A malignant tumor is a cancerous mass containing cells hat have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites.

19
Q

What are some differences between malignant rumors and normal cells?

A
  1. Unusual number of chromosomes
  2. Change in metabolism
  3. Changes on cell surface
  4. Secrete signals to cause blood vessels to grow towards the tumor
20
Q

What are the different treatments for cancer?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. High-energy radiation
  3. Chemotherapy
21
Q

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes. Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents.

22
Q

What is a diploid cell? Haploid?

A

A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, all somatic cells are diploid. A haploid cell had a single set of chromosomes, gametes are haploid.

23
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A pair of chromosomes of the same length and genes for the same characteristics.

24
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division In sexually reproducing organisms that results in half the number of chromosome sets(meiosis produces the gametes).

25
Q

What are the stages of meiosis and what happens in each?

A
  1. Prophase 1-chromosomes condense, centrosomes move to opposite poles, spindle formation, nuclear envelope breaks down, paired homologs become physically connected, crossing over may occur, microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes
  2. Metaphase 1-pairs of homologous chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, both chromatids of a homolog are attached to kinetochore microtubules from one pole, the other homolog is attached to kinetochore microtubules from the other pole
  3. Anaphase 1-homologs pulled to opposite poles by spindle microtubules, cell elongates by growth of nonkinetochore microtubules
  4. Telephase 1 and Cytokinesis-chromosomes reach the poles, nuclear envelope reforms, spindle fibers break down, cytokinesis divides the cell into two haploid daughter cells
  5. Prophase 2-spindle reforms and recaptures chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down
  6. Metaphase 2-chromosomes position along the metaphase plates, these chromosomes are not genetically identical do to crossing over in prophase 1, kinetochores of the sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite poles
  7. Anaphase 2-sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles
  8. Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis- nuclei reform, chromosomes unwind, spindle breaks down, cytokinesis produced four haploid cells
26
Q

What is the difference between metaphase of mitosis and metaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

In metaphase 1 of meiosis, the other homolog is attached to kinetochore microtubules from the other pole

27
Q

What is being separated at Anaphase 2 of meiosis?

A

The sister chromatids

28
Q

What is produced at the end of meiosis 1? Meiosis 2?

A

Two haploid daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis 1. Four haploid cells are produced at the end of meiosis 2.

29
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form (sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid form (gametophyte).

30
Q

Why is sexual reproduction so important/advantageous (I.e. What does it produce)?

A

Genetic variation

31
Q

What processes associated with sexual reproduction result in genetic variation?

A
  1. Independent Assortment

2. Crossing Over

32
Q

What is the evolutionary significance of genetic variation?

A

When genetic variation is high, if the environment changes the population is much more likely to survive.

Biology 1 (7 decks)

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