Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Motor Learning Test 2 > Chapters 10 & 11 > Flashcards

Chapters 10 & 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Mass Practice

A

Provides relatively little rest between practice trials

Continuous practice with no rest at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Distributed Practice

A

Calls for much more rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does practice influence discrete tasks?

A

There is no evidence that reducing the rest time through massed practice affects learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does practice influence continuous tasks?

A

If there are longer rest periods, it leads to more skilled performances during practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does distribution of practice have?

A

A performance and a learning effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Longer rest intervals leads to what?

A

Performance remains large on a retention test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What should learners do during rest time?

A

Mentally practice and observe so they use time efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Goal of Practice

A

Prepare a learner to perform to the highest b=possible level of skill when it counts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do members (actions) of the same class have in common? (2)

A

Movements

Temporal organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can the same action do? (2)

A

Be carried out with different effectors

Differ in surface features on two different occasions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Schema Theory

A

Learner acquires a set of rules (schemas) that relate the surface features of throwing, for example, to the parameter values necessary to produce those actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Constant-Practice

A

Practicing only a single member of a class of tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Variable-Practice

A

Practicing several members for the class of tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compare/Contrast Constant and Variable Practice

A

They have the same amount of practice

They differ in the amount of practice variability they get

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do learners acquire when they practice?

A

Schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does variable practice enhance?

A

Schema development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do schemas allow for?

A

More effective novel-task performance in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does variable practice enhance?

A

Generalizability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the schema theory suggest?

A

Variable practice is best suited for performance that applies novel movement parameters to just a single version of the GMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blocked Practice

A

All trials of a given task (for that day) are completed before moving on to the next task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is blocked practice used?

A

When a skill is practiced over and over with minimal interruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does blocked practice allow for learners?

A

To concentrate on one particular task at a time, refine it, and correct it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Random Practice

A

The order of the task presentation is mixed across the practice period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is another term for random practice?

A

Interleaved practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does a random practice work?
Learners rotate tasks so they never practice the same task on two consecutive attempts
26
What type of practice seems optimal for best learning?
Blocked
27
What is blocked practice more effective with?
Performance (shorter times)
28
What does performance not determine?
Learning
29
What do we need to do to determine learning?
Retention tests
30
What kind of practice was more effective according to retention tests?
Random
31
How does random practice work better than blocked practice (in regards to retention)?
It forces the learner to become more actively engaged in the learning process by preventing repetition of actions
32
What does random practice give the learner?
More meaningful and distinguishable memories of various tasks
33
What does random practice cause?
Learners to forget the short-term solutions to the movement problem after each task exchange
34
What happens if one forgets the short-term solution?
Forces the learner to generate the solution again on the task's next trial
35
When will random practice not be effective?
If the trial tasks are too challenging
36
Hybrid Practice Schedules
Mix of blocked and random | It seems like the best, but it remains insensitive to individual differences
37
Contingency Schedule
The "difficulty" of the task and the decision to repeat the same task or switch to and easier/more difficult task depends on the performance success of the individual
38
What is feedback in human performance systems?
Info about the movement and movement outcomes, not just errors It is the result of a movement
39
What are the two types of feedback classifications?
Inherent feedback | Augmented feedback
40
Another name for inherent feedback
Intrinsic feedback
41
Inherent Feedback
Info provided as a natural consequence of making an action that is inherent to performing the task Able to perceive directly
42
Example of Inherent Feedback (4)
When swinging a tennis racket, you feel your hips, shoulders, and arms move You see the racket move You see, feel, and hear the ball contact the racket
43
Another example of Inherent Feedback
Sounds of smells made by a racer engine
44
Augmented Feedback
Info from the measured performance outcome that is fed back to the learner by some artificial means
45
Example of augmented feedback
An instructor's voice
46
What kind of info does the instructor have control over?
When info is given, not given, written at different times, or in different forms
47
Knowledge of results
Usually verbal info about the success of an action with respect to the environmental goal
48
Example of how knowledge of results are sometimes redundant
Telling someone he missed a free throw is duplicating info the performer received anyway
49
Example of how knowledge of results are not redundant
Waiting to know the success of a performance (DWTS, gymnastics)
50
What happens when learners cannot detect their own performance errors through inherent feedback?
No learning occurs at all
51
Knowledge of Performance
Info about the movement pattern the learner has just made
52
What does the knowledge of performance tell the learner? (2)
Something about the movement or movement patterns | About the nature of the movement pattern that the learner actually produce
53
What does the knowledge of performance not tell the learner?
If the goal was met or not
54
Faded Feedback
Learner is given feedback at high relative frequencies in early practice, but the instructor gradually reduces the relative frequency of feedback as the skill develops
55
How does high relative frequency of feedback influence the learner?
Strongly toward the movement goal
56
Why does an instructor gradually reduce the relative frequency of feedback?
To prevent the learner from developing a dependency to feedback
57
Goal of faded feedback
Generate the capability for the learner to produce the action on their own (without feedback dependency)
58
How to accomplish permanent skill learning?
Feedback must be eventually removed
59
Bandwidth Feedback
The decision to provide a learner with feedback is based on a preset degree of acceptability of performance (accuracy and time/duration)
60
Example of bandwidth feedback
Instructing physician saying "good job" to a resident giving stitches correctly
61
If a learner's time/accuracy/duration was not acceptable, what happens?
The physician might provide precise feedback about the nature of the errors made and what needs to be improved
62
What kind of feedback doesn't give reassuring feedback if a learner does something right?
Bandwidth
63
Precise Feedback
Indicates the amount and direction of one's error
64
When is precise feedback given?
If and when a performance falls outside the acceptable range of correctness
65
One issue with bandwidth feedback
Trying to decide what level of error tolerance is appropriate for the learner
66
What does bandwidth feedback produce?
Faded feedback frequency as a by-product
67
What does eliminating trial to trial corrections do?
Eliminating small trial to trial corrections has a stabilizing influence on performance The learner is not encouraged to change the action every time
68
Summary Feedback
Feedback is withheld for a series of trials and after, the feedback is summarized for the learner
69
What does summary feedback avoid?
Detrimental effects of every trial feedback
70
Summary feedback is less effective than what kind of feedback? And in what situation?
Every trial feedback | Performance during practice
71
How does summary feedback work?
Prevents dependecy-prodocing effects of frequent feedback Produce more stable movements Encourages learners to analyze their inherent movement-produced feedback
72
What does preventing dependency-producing effects do?
Causes the learner to perform independently before receiving feedback and then be able to make corrections
73
Average Feedback
Learners wait for a series of trials before receiving feedback info about their scores Only receive the avg score on those trials instead of trial by trial
74
What is average feedback more effective than?
Summary feedback
75
What does average feedback give the learner?
More reliable info about what to change/how much to change it

Motor Learning Test 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions