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Motor Learning Test 2 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Generalized Motor Program

A

Theory that states movements can be varied along certain dimensions

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2
Q

Motor Programs

A

Pre-made set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement

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3
Q

What are the two parts of an open loop control system?

A

Executive

Effector

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4
Q

What does the open loop control system not have?

A

Feedback or comparator mechanisms to determine system errors

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5
Q

Process of the open loop control system

A

Input
Executive
Effector
Output

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6
Q

How long is the open loop control system “over”?

A

Until the executive is activated again

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7
Q

What is the open loop control system not sensitive to?

A

Whether or not the output produced in the environment was effective in meeting the goal

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8
Q

Characteristics of open loop control system

A

Effective as long as things go as expected
Inflexible
In situations that do not have high demand in modifications

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9
Q

When are open loop control systems important?

A

In a predictable and stable environment

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10
Q

When does the feedback process dominate control?

A

In very slow movements

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11
Q

When do open loop portions dominate control?

A

Very fast and brief movements

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12
Q

What kind of motor behavior is typical in most tasks?

A

Complex blend of open and closed

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13
Q

Programmed Action

A

Appears to be organized in advance

Happens without much change from sensory feedback

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14
Q

Central Movement Organization

A

Movement details are determined by CNS and sent to muscles
Not controlled by peripheral processing
Does not involve feedback

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15
Q

Reaction Time Evidence for Motor Programs

A

Processing not natural

More info = slower RT

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16
Q

What does RT determine?

A

Slowness of the stimulation of S.I. and R.S

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17
Q

What happens when more limbs are included?

A

Reaction time increases

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18
Q

Why is RT sometimes longer?

A

More time is needed to organize the motor system before the initiation of an action

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19
Q

Startled Reactions

A

RT can be dramatically shortened under certain conditions

Movements are initiated much faster than can be accounted for by a voluntary response to a stimulus

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20
Q

How does one hasten the release of a startle response?

A

Speeding up the executive’s processing
Bypassing the executive altogether
Both

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21
Q

Deafferentation

A

Cutting an animal’s afferent nerve bundles where they enter the cord making the CNS unable to receive info from some portion of the periphery (no sensory)

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22
Q

What is not affected by deafferentation?

A

Motor pathways because they pass through the uncut ventral side of the cord

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23
Q

Example of deafferentation

A

Monkeys with cut nerve bundles are still able to physically move around (climb, chase, jump, groom), but cannot successfully complete fine motor control tasks

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24
Q

What happens if a movement is quick enough?

A

The motor program controls the entire action

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25
What does deafferentation support?
The idea that movements can be organized centrally in motor programs
26
Why was the central pattern generator developed?
To explain certain features of locomotion in animals
27
Where is genetically defined central organization established?
Brainstem or spinal cord
28
What does the central pattern generator produce?
Commands to the musculature when initiated by a brief triggering stimulus from brain and they still occur if sensory nerves are cut
29
What does the central pattern generator involve?
More genetically-defined activities
30
What do motor programs involve?
Learned activities that are centrally controlled
31
Inhibiting Actions
Subjects are required to inhibit or stop a movement after having initiated the process of making the action
32
Point-of-no-return
At what point after starting the processing stages that lead to a movement is one committed to making the action?
33
What is a muscle response pattern of a normal movement?
``` Triple burst (agonist, antagonist, agonist) Typical of quick movements ```
34
What is a muscle response pattern of a blocked movement?
Even though the limb doesn't move at all, it displays a similar pattern of muscular organization to the normal movement Agonist/antagonist onset occurring at same time as normal movement
35
Movement activities are organized in ________ and run off __________ sensory information
Advance | Unmodified
36
What are the major roles of open-loop organizations? (4)
To issue commands to musculature Organize the many degrees of freedom into a single unit Postural adjustments Modulate the many reflex pathways
37
What do commands to the musculature do?
Determines when, how forcefully, and how long muscles are to contract and which ones do
38
Anticipatory Adjustments
Motor system compensates before the movement through "knowing" what postural modifications will soon be needed
39
What is a major source of motor control?
Central organization of movements
40
Reflex-Reversal Phenomenon
Alterations in the reflex Reversing its effect from extension to flexion Challenges our usual conceptualizations of a reflex
41
Temporary Reflexes (definition)
They exist only in the context of performing a particular part of a particular action
42
Temporary Reflexes (laymen's terms)
Ensuring the goal is achieved even if a disturbance is encountered
43
What is the critical goal for motor system?
Ensure that the intended action is generated
44
Why does open-loop occur?
To allow the motor system to organize an entire action without having to rely on the slow info processing from the closed loop system
45
Novelty Problem In Motor Program Theory
Failure to account for how novel movements are produced | System would need a separate program for every movement
46
Storage Problem In Motor Program Theory
Lack of efficiency that would be required to store the large number of motor programs that are required to move Concerns how all separate programs could be stored in memory
47
Generalized Movement Programs
Consists of a stored pattern that is thought to be adjusted at the time of movement execution
48
What does the GMP allow?
The action to be changed slightly to meet the current environment demands
49
Invariant Features
What remains the same | Makes the pattern appear the same, time after time
50
Example of Invariant Features
The reason our unique writing styles appear
51
Surface Features
Things that change in a movement
52
Parameters
Type of surface feature | Is what gets modified
53
What do parameters determine?
How a movement is executed
54
What happens when a parameter is changed?
Does not alter the invariant features of GMP, but rather how the GMP is expressed at any given time
55
Parameterized
Initiated
56
Process of movements being produced
Determined in sensory identification stage Movement chosen in response selection GMP retrieved from long term memory Motor program is prepared for being parameterized
57
When can the movement be initiated and carried out?
Once the parameters have been selected and assigned
58
Invariance
Constance value
59
What is the most important concern of a GMP?
Temporal structuring of the patterns (rhythm)
60
Relative Timing
Change time, but process stays the same Set of ratios of the durations of several intervals within the movement Independent of its overall speed/amplitude
61
Invariant features of a GMP (2)
Invariance | Relative timing
62
Parameters added to GMP (3)
Movement time Movement amplitude Effectors
63
Movement Time
When changed, the new movement preserves the important temporal-pattern features of the old movement
64
Movement Amplitude
Easy to increase by uniformly increasing the accelerations applied, while preserving their temporal patterning
65
Effectors
A given pattern can be produced even when different | Parameter that must be selected prior to action
66
Example of effectors keeping a pattern
Writing on a chalkboard vs in a notebook will have the same style but the way it got there was different
67
How does GMP provide a solution to the storage problem?
Only one program needs to be stored for each class of movement vs an infinite number
68
How does GMP provide a solution to the novelty problem?
Suggests the use of a schema | Theoretical structure responsible for supplying parameters needed at time of movement execution
69
Schema
Can be thought of as a mechanism responsible for selecting the parameters for the chosen GMP
70
What gets preplanned? (5)
``` Particular muscles Order in which muscles are involved Force of muscles Relative timing Duration of muscle contraction ```
71
Rhythm
Feature of many daily activities
72
When is relative timing invariant?
Actions are produced at different speeds or amplitudes
73
Degrees of Freedom
Controlled independently | Can be high or low

Motor Learning Test 2 (4 decks)

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