Chapters 17, 18, 19 Flashcards by Kristen Klamut

Compared to the nervous system, which of the following is not characteristic of the endocrine system?

communicates with electrical signals

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Which of the following is released from the posterior pituitary gland?

antidiuretic hormone

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Which of the following organs have hormone secreting cells?

kidney, heart, stomach, and small intestine

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This hormone, synthesized in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, is produced when osmoreceptors sense a rise in blood osmolarity.

antidiuretic hormone

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Which of the following hormones will cause a fall in blood glucose concentrations?

insulin

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This hormone raises blood calcium levels.

parathyroid hormone

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Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones work together to help maintain blood calcium homeostasis. Which of them works to decrease blood calcium?

calcitonin

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Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete

glucagon, which raises blood glucose

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Negative feedback inhibition occurs when

thyroid hormone targets the anterior pituitary

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The hypophyseal portal system connects

the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) with the hypothalamus.

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The nervous system reacts to stimuli _____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts _____ compared to the endocrine system, and has _____ effects compared to the endocrine system.

quickly, quickly, specific

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The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes

oxytocin

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This hormone plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

melatonin

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What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

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Which of the following concepts explains the fact that target cells do not have a great number of receptors and normal circulating blood concentrations of hormones are very low?

enzyme amplification

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A lack of antidiuretic hormone will lead to

diabetes insipidus

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Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the following?

bone resorption and renal calculi

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___ enters a target cell’s nucleus and acts directly on the genes.

estrogen

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___ is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

glucagon

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___ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas ___ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone

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Absence of iodine in the diet leads to

hypothyroidism

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the

kidneys

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Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ___ when it begins in adulthood.

acromegaly

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Right after a meal, beta cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete

insulin, which lowers blood glucose

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T4 and T3 are _____ hormones that are mainly transported _____ in the blood.

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes

cortisol

This is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger.

enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of

enzyme amplification

All these can cause Cushing syndrome except

hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except

hypoglycemia

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to polyuria and dehydration?

hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis

The most abundant plasma protein is ________________.

albumin

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

The fluid remaining after blood clots is the same as blood plasma.

Which of the following organs produces all the plasma proteins except the gamma globulins, which come from plasma cells?

liver

Ferrous iron travels in the plasma bound to the protein ____________.

transferrin

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to how many oxygen molecules bound to its heme group?

_____________ is not found in plasma.

glycogen

_____________ would not decrease colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in blood.

a diet predominantly based on red meat

Blood does not

produce plasma hormones

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and

transport some carbon dioxide

Most oxygen is transported bound to

heme groups in hemoglobin

Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the

red bone marrow.

The buffy coat does not contain

erythrocytes

The hematocrit is ____________ of the total blood volume.

37% to 52%

The viscosity of blood is due more to _____________ than to any other factor.

erythrocytes

Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when

there is a dietary protein deficiency.

A total count above ____________ WBCs/μL is called leukocytosis.

10,000

A woman's first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis. The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type _____ and both children are most likely _____.

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive

All these can cause leukopenia except

dehydration.

An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except

increased hypoxemia

An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has _____ antigen(s) and can produce anti-_____ antibody(ies).

B and D; A

Anemia has these potential consequences except

blood viscosity is increased

Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream.

False

Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by

a negative feedback loop.

Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.

False

Leukopoiesis begins with...

pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs)

Many RBCs die in the

spleen and liver

Sickle-cell disease is not

a cause of malaria.

Some lymphocytes can survive for

decades

The ABO blood group is determined by _____________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.

glycolipids

The cessation of bleeding is specifically called

hemostasis.

What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?

bilirubin

__________________ participates in the extrinsic mechanism only.

thromboplastin

All of these prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot except

the presence of tissue thromboplastin

Clotting deficiency can result from hemophilia.

True

Coagulation starts with a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a platelet plug.

False

Most clotting factors are synthesized in the

liver

Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the ____________ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as a(n) ______________.

thrombus; embolus

Platelets do not secrete

thrombopoietin

Platelets release ____________, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.

serotonin

The structural framework of the blood clot is formed by

a fibrin polymer

The ____________ collects blood from all other veins draining the myocardium and returns this blood to the right atrium.

coronary sinus

Of the pathways listed, which correctly describes a route that blood can take in a normal human?

left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve

Which of the following structures allow one cardiac cell to electronically stimulate another by allowing ion flow across the intercalated disk?

gap junctions

Which of the following is not one of the features of an intercalated disc?

purkinje fibers

____________ carry oxygen-poor blood.

venae cavae and pulmonary veins

Blood in the heart chambers provides most of the myocardium's oxygen and nutrient needs.

False

Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by

pressure gradients

Pericardial fluid is found between

the parietal and visceral membranes.

The tricuspid valve regulates the opening between

the right atrium and the right ventricle

Chapters 17, 18, 19 Flashcards

(81 cards)