Chapters 2 & 3 Flashcards
(133 cards)
0
Q
Eukaryote
A
“true nucleus”
Membrane bound organelles and membrane systems
1
Q
Prokaryote
A
“pre-nucleus”
No nucleus or other internal membrane bound organelles
2
Q
3 Main shape of Bacteria
A
Coccus (Cocci)
Bacillus (Bacilli)
Spirillus (Spirilli)
3
Q
Coccus (Cocci)
A
Spherical
4
Q
Bacillus (Bacilli)
A
Rods
5
Q
Spirillus (Spirilli)
A
Spirals
6
Q
Vibrio
A
Comma shaped cells
7
Q
Spirochete
A
More tightly coiled spirals
8
Q
Pleomorphic
A
Irregular shaped
9
Q
Di
prefix
A
Two
10
Q
Strep
prefix
A
long chain
11
Q
Staph
prefix
A
Irregular clusters
12
Q
Coccus
A
1 singles sphere shaped cell
13
Q
Diplococcus
A
2 sphere shaped cells connected
14
Q
Tetrad
A
clusters of four cocci together
15
Q
Streptococcus
A
long chains of cocci
16
Q
staphylococcus
A
irregular clusters of cocci
17
Q
Sarcina
A
Clusters of 8, 18, 32 or more cocci cells in a perfect cube shape
18
Q
Bacillus
A
single rod shaped cell
19
Q
Diplobacillus
A
2 rod shaped bacilli connected
20
Q
Streptobacillus
A
Chains of rod shaped bacilli
21
Q
Palisades
A
side-by-side arrangement of bacilli
22
Q
4 biochemisty groups
A
Proteins
Carbs
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
23
Q
Proteins
A
amino acids joined by peptide bonds, often with complex foldings
Ex. enzymes, most hormones, collagen
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Carbohydrates
```
basic structure CH2O
simple sugars Glucose (C6H12O6)
Comples carbs (polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin)
```
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Lipids
hydrophobic
- triglycerides and phospholipids contain glycerol and fatty acids
- steroids (cholestrol and sex hormones) are variations of 4 carbon ring structure
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Cell Membrane
| Prokarya
```
Phospholipid bilayer (40%) embedded with proteins (60%)
Fluid mosaic model
```
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3 layers of the cell envelope
| Prokarya
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx
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Phospholipid Bilayer
| Prokarya
One phospholipid molecule has:
Two hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic head of glycerol and phosphate
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Phospholipid comparisons
-Bacteria and Eucarya - fatty acid tails
- Archaea - tails made of isoprene with branches
Also differences in glycerol and how glycerol links to hydrophobic tails
30
Prokaryote membrane functions
Transport
| Enzymes
31
Transport
| Prokaryote membrane functions
Selectively permeable
(Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion, active transport, secretion)
Integral Proteins (Carrier Proteins, Channel proteins -aqua proteins for faster water transport)
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Enzymes
| Prokaryote Membrane functions
Metabolic Pathways
1. Synthesis of extracellular structures
2. Electron transport and ATP synthesis
33
Difference between Animal and Fungal cell membranes
Animal - cholesterol
| Fungal - ergosterol
34
Eucarya Cell Membrane
Receptor proteins - cell communication can recognize foreign cells
Sterols - give strength to cell membranes
Lipid Rafts - groups of proteins and lipids
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Cell Wall
- Lacking in animal cells and some protists(protozoa)
- Found in most bacteria and Archaea
- Bacteria genus Mycoplasma has NO CELL WALL (sterols for strength)
36
Cell Wall function
Maintain Shape
Protection from environment
Protection from osmotic pressure
37
Bacteria normally live in what kind of solution
Hypotonic
38
Peptidoglycan composition
Only found in bacteria
| Two major subunits: Alternating glycan molecules and tetrapeptide chains
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Glyan Molecules
simple sugar + amino acid (amino sugars)
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Two types of glycans
NAM - N-acetylmuramic acid
NAG - N-aceytlglcosamine
alternating chains NAG_NAM_NAG_NAM
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Tetrapeptide chains
String of 4 amino acids
Link together the glycan chains
- peptide interbridges (Gram +)
- direct connection (Gram - )
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Gram Stain
Hans Christian Joachim Gram in 1882
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Gram Positive Cell Wall
One thick peptidoglycan layer (upto 30 layers)
Teichoic Acid
Periplasm
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Teichoic Acid
Amino acids, sugars, glycerol, phosphate - from cell membrane through cell wall
Present only in Gram +
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Periplasm
Gel like substance in between membrane and peptidoglycan
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Gram Negative Cell Wall
```
2 parts outter and inner
1. thin Peptidoglycan + Periplasm = periplasmic space
2. Phospholipids
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Lipoproteins
Porin
```
47
Penicillin
interferes with synthesis of peptide inter-bridges in Gram positive
48
Lysozyme
an enzyme that digests glycan (NAG NAM)
49
Why are gram - bacteria less sensitive to antimicrobial medication
because of its outer membrane
50
Glycocalyx
Outside cell wall
Usually made of polysaccharides
2 kinds: Capsule or Slime layer
51
Glycocalyx function
1. Protect from dehydration
2. Attachment to tissue (biofims and teeth)
3. Protection from white blood cells (phagocytosis)
52
Bacteria Flagella
- long, thin - special flagella stain
- Rigid, hair-like - made of FLAGELLIN
- Rotate 360
- Used to enter host cell
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Structure of Bacteria Flagella
Filament
Hook
Basal body
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Filament
spiral chains of protein form a hollow tube
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Hook
curved protein structure, connects filament to cell structure
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Basal body
ringed protein structure, anchors to cell membrane and cell wall, "motor"of flagella
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-Trichous
hair
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Mono
one
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Amphi
both
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Lopho-
tuft
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Peri-
Around
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Flagella arrangement found in....
ALL spirilla
half of bacilli
few cocci
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Eucarya flagella
- covered with plasma membrane
- groupings of mictotubule proteins
- Basal body - anchor, different arrangement of microtubules than flagellum
- Whip like motion
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Axial fibrils
found in spirochetes
| used to burrow into host cell
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Gliding
polysaccharide slime or surface proteins used for movement
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Pili
- Shorter and thinner than flagella
- long hollow filament of PILIN proteins
- Adhesive tip for attachment
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2 Types of Pili
Fimbriae and sex pili
68
Fimbriae
Usually many found on a bacteria cell
Stick to surfaces and other fimbriae
Allow for invasion of host tissue
Example: E.Coli
69
Sex Pili
- longer than fimbriae, less numerous (usually 1 or 2)
- In Gram - bacteria and some Gram +
- Used in conjugation
70
Conjugation in Sex pili
Sex pilus directly links the cytoplasm of one cell to another, plasmid DNA travels through the sex pilus
71
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
72
Monomer
nucleotide = pentose sugar, nucleobase (A,G,C,T,U) and phosphate
73
DNA
double helix, sugar-phosphate backbone
74
RNA
shorter, single stranded
| rRNA, mRNA, tRNA involved in protein systhesis
75
Bacterial Chromosome
- Single, circular, double stranded DNA
- contains genes that code for cell maintenance and growth
- Contains 3000 - 4000 genes
- Area where DNA is found is called NUCLEOID
- DNA is supercoiled with various proteins (histones only in Archaea and Eucarya)
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Area where DNA is found in a bacteria chromosome
Nucleoid
77
Plasmids
Very small, circular pieces of DNA
- Free floating in cell
- contain few genes to 1000 genes
- supercoiled
78
Plasmids, are they essential
Not essential but helpful
drug resistance
enzyme and toxin production
79
What domain are Plasmids found
Bacteria, Archaea and SOME Eucarya
80
Ribosomes
Bacterial cell contains 15,000
Protein synthesis
60% rRNA and 40% proteins
81
Ribosome subunits
2 (small and large)
82
Bacteria and Archaea subunits
30S and 50S = 70S total
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Eucharya subunits
40S and 60S = 80S
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Mitochondria and chloroplast Sunits
70S ribosomes
85
S units
Svedberg units - measure size of ribosome and subunits
| Higher S = heavier RNA
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Endosymbiotic theory
Engulfs the cell and uses it instead of digesting it
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Cytoplasmic Inclusions/Granules
- Storage of organic energy (glycogen and PHB)
- gases for floatation in aquatic systems
- storage of essential elements as inorganic crystals (sulfer granules & volutin)
- Some enclosed by membranes (storage particles)
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Volutin
phosphate storage (metachromatic)
89
What are Endospores
- Small, protected, dormant bacteria
- Cannot divide, degrade or synthesize while dormant
- Genetically identical to original cell
90
When are Endospores formed
- in unfavorable conditions (starvation, desiccation)
- Germinates under favorable conditions to become a vegetative cell
- For survival, not reproduction
- Energetically very costly to produce
91
Endospores - WHO
- Only some Gram-positive rods
- Bacillus and Clostridium species
- Diseases from endospore forming bacteria - botulism, tetanus
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A normal cell when not dormant is called a
vegetative cell
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Endospores How they form
- One spore formed from one bacteria cell
- DNA duplcates, septum forms in cell
- "mother cell" engulfs "forespore"
- Peptidoglycan material added to forespore
- Mother cell degrades
94
Endospore layers
Spore coat
Cortex
Core
95
```
Spore coat
(endospore)
```
outer layer - protein - protection from chemicals and enzymes
sometimes EXOSPORIUM is present
97
Cortex
| endospore
middle layer - peptidoglycan - keeps spore dry, helps to resist heat and radiation
97
Extreme Resistance of Endospores
- high temperatures, desiccation, freezing, radiation, and many chemicals of toxins
- Endospores 1000s of years old can still germinate
- Can quickly return to vegetative state
- preventing endospore contamination: moist heat of pressurized steam using an autoclave
98
Core
| endospore
inner part - contains and protects bacteria's DNA
| Core also contains calcium salts and dipicolinic acid
99
Ecoli facts
Gram -
Normal microbiota or possibly virulent
single bacillus with flagella and fimbriae
Many different strains ex. Shiga toxin producing E.Coli
100
Element
Matter made of one type of atom
101
How many naturally occurring elements
92
102
Which 4 elements are most common in organisms***
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
103
Atoms
the smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that element
104
3 subatomic particles that compose atoms
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
105
Protons
| location and charge
Nucleus
| +
106
Neutrons
Neutral
| Nucleus
107
Electrons
| Location and charge
Negative
| Shells, Orbitals
108
Atomic Number
the number of protons
109
atomic weight
the total number of protons and neutrons
110
What is an isotope
Atoms for the same element with different numbers of neutrons
111
What is a molecule
two or more atoms (ions) chemically bonded
112
Chemical bond
energy that holds atoms (ions) together
113
Covalent bond
form by equal sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms
Polar (unequal sharing)
Nonpolar (equal sharing)
114
Ionic Bond
formed because of the transfer of electrons between two atoms
115
Hydrogen bond
the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule.
THE WEAKEST BOND
116
What is an Ion
an electrically charged atoms: an atom either gains or looses an electron
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anion
an atom that gains an electron and becomes -
118
cation
an atom that loses an electron and becomes +
119
pH
measurement of hydronium H+ ions in a solution
| 0-14
120
buffer
reacts with a strong acid/base to for a weak acid/base; resists pH change
121
Diffusion
movement of molecule or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of that molecule achieving equilibrium
122
Osmosis
movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration of H20 to an area of lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
123
Hypertonic
Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell
124
Hypotonic
lower concentration of stuff outside the cell
125
Isotonic
same osmotic pressure as body fluids
126
What happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution
hypertonic - cell will shrink
| hypotonic - cell will expand and possibly explode
127
Mitochondria
| function
ATP production
128
Chloroplast
| function
Use photosynthesis to make ATP for energy
129
Ribosome
| function
Protein synthesis
130
Golgi apparatus
refines processes and packages proteins from ribosomes into packages
131
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
| function
molecular transport of protein
132
Three organelles which have a double membrane and contain DNA
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Nucleus
