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Biology > Chapters 2-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 2-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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2
Q

compound

A

combination of multiple elements

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3
Q

elements of life

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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4
Q

Atoms consist of..

A

subatomic particles

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5
Q

charge of protons

A

positive

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6
Q

charge of neutrons

A

neutral

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7
Q

charge of electrons

A

negative

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8
Q

what subatomic particles are found in the nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

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9
Q

of protons =

A

of electrons

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10
Q

how do u determine # of protons?

A

atomic number

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11
Q

Atomic mass=

A

of protons + # of neutrons

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12
Q

isotope

A

same # of protons, different # of neutrons

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13
Q

radioactive isotope

A

unstable isotope, nucleus decays spontaneously and gives off radiation (half lives)

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14
Q

1st orbital can hold…

A

2 electrons MAX

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15
Q

2nd and 3rd orbital can hold…

A

8 electrons MAX

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16
Q

going away from the nucleus…

A

energy is absorbed

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17
Q

coming towards the nucleus

A

energy is lost

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18
Q

valence shell electrons

A

give elements their chemical properties, electron orbitals are where electrons spend 90% of their time, each shell contains a certain # of orbitals

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19
Q

when are atoms most stable?

A

when valence shells are full

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20
Q

how are chemical bonds formed?

A

filling valence shells with electrons

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21
Q

how do covalent bonds form?

A

when a pair of electrons is shared

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22
Q

how are polar molecules formed?

A

when electrons are not shared equally between atoms in a covalent bond (h2o)

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23
Q

ionic bonds

A

attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions

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24
Q

how do chemical reactions occur

A

making or breaking of chemical bonds, atoms are not made or lost they are rearranged

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25
photosynthesis
energy from sunlight is captured in bonds that make up glucose
26
photosynthesis reactants
CO2 and H2O
27
Photosynthesis Products
C6H12O6 and O2
28
how many bonds does carbon have?
4
29
how many bonds does hydrogen have?
1 bond
30
adding water to a reaction
hydrolysis
31
taking water out of a chemical reaction
condensation
32
emergent properties of water
1. cohesion and adhesion of water molecules 2. high specific heat 3. ice is less dense than liquid water 4. water is a great solvent
33
cohesion
high surface tension of water
34
specific heat
amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost to change 1g by 1C
35
ice bonds
hydrogen bonds are stable
36
water bonds
hydrogen bonds constantly break and reform
37
hydrophilic
"head" touches water
38
hydrophobic
"tail" scared of water, inside
39
mole (mol)
6.02x10^23
40
molar mass
grams/mol
41
sucrose molar mass
342 grams/mol
42
molarity
mol/liter
43
1M
1mol/liter
44
pH=
-log[H+]
45
Neutral solution [H+]=
10^-7
46
change of 1 in PH=
10x change in [H+]
47
>7 solutions
increasingly acidic
48
=7 solutions
neutral
49
<7 solutions
increasingly basic
50
buffers
molecules that donate or accept protons to resist changes in pH as acids or bases are added to the solution. A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
51
methane
CH4
52
Ethane
C2H6
53
Ethene
C2H4
54
ending in -ane =
1 bond
55
ending in -ene =
2 bonds
56
structural isomers
same formula, different structure
57
cis-trans isomer
cis, polar/ trans non polar | both unsaturated
58
Hydroxyl group
-OH
59
STUDY CHEMICAL GROUPS
actually do it
60
when adenosine (ADP) reacts with H2O
makes Adenosine (ATP) and energy
61
list 4 macromolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleus acid
62
how are polymers formed?
dehydration reaction (taking away water)
63
how are polymers broken?
Hydrolysis Reaction (adding water)
64
1g of carbs
4 calories
65
1g of proteins
4 calories
66
1g of lipids
9 calories
67
1g of ethanol
7 calories
68
hexose
sugar with a 6-carbon structure
69
pentose
sugar w a 5 carbon structure
70
disaccharide
sugar molecules composed of 2 monomers
71
lactose
composed of glucose and galactose
72
sucrose
composed of glucose and fructose
73
polysaccharide
structure determines function | starch, cellulose, glycogen
74
starch
storage structures (plastides) containing starch granulated in a potato tuber cell
75
cellulose
cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall
76
glycogen
glycogen granules in muscle tissue
77
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA, nucleotides and monomers
78
central dogma
DNA is transcribed into mRNA, mRNA is then translated into proteins
79
ribose and deoxyribose
RNA, DNA
80
nucliec acid polymer
covalent bond formed between phosphate group and pentose sugar
81
deoxyribonucleic acid
arranged in double helix, nitrogenous bases are hydrogen bonded
82
protein
composed of one or more polypeptide
83
polypeptide
polymer of amino acids
84
DNA: adenine pairs with...
Thymine
85
DNA: Cytosine pairs with...
Guanine
86
RNA: Adenine pairs with...
Uracil
87
RNA: Cytosine pairs with...
Guanine
88
making a protein
DNA is transcribed into RNA, for every 3 nucleotides=1 codon, 1 codon codes for an amino acid, amino acids link together to form a polypeptide, 1 or more polypeptide forms together to make a protein
89
primary protein structure
amino acid chain
90
secondary protein structure
folding of polypeptide (to make 3D shape)
91
alpha helix
involves regularly spaced hydrogen bonds between residues along the chain
92
beta pleaded sheet
hydrogen bonding between residues in adjacent chains
93
tertiary structure
hydrogen, disulfide, vanderwaals, and ionic bonds
94
quaternary structure
hydrogen, disulfide, vanderwaals, and ionic bonds, makes the protein functionable
95
denaturing a protein
shape is lost, reduces or eliminates proteins functions
96
shaperonin
protein that helps fold other proteins
97
sickle cell
caused by a change in amino acid sequence, caused blood cell to wither
98
examples of lipids
fat, phospholipids, steroids
99
fats
exist primarily as triglycerides, most dense form of energy storage
100
glycerol
3-carbon alcohol
101
fatty acids
hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group
102
steroids structural
cholesterol, component of cell membrane, influences the rigidly of membranes
103
steroids signaling
sex hormones, influences development and secondary sex traits
104
unsaturated
contains double bond and at least 1 fatty acid(oil)
105
saturated
single bonded (butter)
106
triglycerides contain..
phosphate group>glycerol>2 fatty acids
107
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
108
adenine and guanine
purine (2 rings)
109
cytosine, uracil, thymine
pyradime (1ring)
110
a and t bond
2 hydrogen bonds
111
c and g
has 3 hydrogen bonds
112
bonds present in a tertiary structure
hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridge, ionic bonds, vanderwalls interaction, hydrophobic interaction)
113
a change in 1 of ph is an increase of
10x h concentration
114
primary structure
peptide bonds
115
secondary
hydrogen bonds
116
isotopes
differ from each other in neutron number, therefore made
117
hydrogen bonds
partial positive hydrogen with partially negative electronegative atom
118
vanderwals interaction
between positive and negative regions of molecules

Biology (7 decks)

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