Chapters 5-8 terms Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
loss of memory
A
amnesia
2
Q
almond-shaped nucleus in the temporal lobe; responsible for strong visceral emotions (fear, anger, rage)
A
amygdala
3
Q
loss of sense of smell
A
anosmia
4
Q
language deficit caused by damage to language-specific regions of the brain
A
aphasia
5
Q
motor planning disorder; patients are unable to plan, sequence and carry out learned movement patterns; a result from damage to supplementary motor area (SMA)
A
apraxia
6
Q
region of temporal lobe responsible for perception of sound
A
auditory cortex
7
Q
region in frontal lobe that controls speech/language production
A
Broca’s area
8
Q
numbered regional map of cerebral cortex
A
Brodmann’s map
9
Q
outer layer of cerebrum; composed of neuron cell bodies and dendrites and divided into frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
A
cerebral cortex
10
Q
one side of cerebrum
A
cerebral hemishpere
11
Q
largest part of the brain; composed of cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei, including basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus
A
cerebrum
12
Q
large bundle of commissural axons connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres
A
corpus callosum
13
Q
cortical lobe located beneath frontal bone; contains motor areas and regions involved in thinking, problem-solving and emotion
A
frontal lobe
14
Q
loss of vision in one visual field
A
hemianopsia
15
Q
small nucleus located in medial temporal lobe; responsible for creating new long-term memories
A
hippocampus
16
Q
region of cerebrum containing upper motor neurons from the entire motor cortex as well as sensory neurons traveling to the entire sensory cortex
A
internal capsule
17
Q
portions of cortex responsible for memory and emotion
A
limbic system
18
Q
region of frontal lobe responsible for controlling skeletal muscles
A
motor cortex
19
Q
smallest cortical lobe located beneath occipital bone; contains regions responsible for visual perception and interpretation
A
occipital lobe
20
Q
region of temporal lobe responsible for perception of odor
A
olfactory lobe
21
Q
cortical lobe located beneath parietal bone; contains regions responsible for somatosensory perception and interpretation
A
parietal lobe
22
Q
part of frontal lobe responsible for problem-solving, impulse control, and connecting emotion with thought
A
prefrontal cortex
23
Q
loss of impulse control due to lesions of the prefrontal cortex
A
prefrontal syndrome
24
Q
region of parietal lobe responsible for perception of somatosensation
A
somatosensory cortex
25
the ability to identify objects by touch
stereognosis
26
region of frontal lobe located anterior to primary motor cortex: stores movement patterns and sequences (motor memories)
supplementary motor area (SMA)
27
region of cerebral cortex; contains regions for language, hearing, olfaction, emotion, and memory
temporal lobe
28
region of occipital lobe responsible for perception of vision
visual cortex
29
region located in temporal lobe responsible for perception/understanding of language
Wernicke's area
30
small nuclei in the thalamus that connect sensation to emotion
association nuclei
31
neurons from the hypothalamus that control the autonomic nervous system
central autonomic fibers
32
part of the forebrain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
diencephalon
33
small region of diencephalon that contains pineal gland
epithalamus
34
part of diencephalon that controls appetite, water balance, hunger and thirst, as well as the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
hypothalamus
35
small structures in the thalamus that maintain consciousness
intralaminar nuclei
36
hormone produced by pineal gland (epithalamus) that induces sleep
melatonin
37
hormone produced in posterior pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions and milk flow from mammary glands
oxytocin
38
region of epithalamus that produces the hormone melatonin
pineal gland
39
gland located just below brain; produces hormones under the influence of the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
40
nuclei in the thalamus that send action potentials to cerebral cortex
relay nuclei
41
small nucleus in the thalamus that controls relay nuclei and decides which information is sent to the cerebral cortex
reticular nucleus of the thalamus
42
small nucleus in diencephalon that has many connections to basal ganglia
subthalamic nucleus
43
condition caused by damage to the thalamus, including sensory ataxia, contralateral sensory loss, and intense pain
thalamic syndrome
44
paired structures located inferior to cerebral cortex; transmits nerve impulses to cortex
thalamus
45
hormone produced in the hypothalamus that affects body's water balance and blood pressure; also called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
vasopressin
46
cranial nerve VI
abducens
47
maintains conscious awareness; damage can cause coma
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
48
small structures in midbrain that are part of pathways for vision and hearing
colliculi
49
state of prolonged and profound loss of consciousness
coma
50
double vision: may result from injury to cranial nerves serving extraocular muscles
diplopia
51
small area in medulla oblongata that controls phrenic nerve to diaphragm; allows breathing to take place automatically
dorsal respiratory nucleus
52
difficulty speaking caused by injury to vocal muscles or the nerves that control them
dysarthria
53
difficulty swallowing caused by injury to muscles of the pharynx or the cranial nerves that control them
dysphagia
54
cranial nerve VII
facial nerve
55
cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal nerve
56
cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal nerve
57
bilateral paralysis of all cranial nerves except those that move the eyes, along with bilateral paralysis of the entire body; results from stroke or injury to the pons
locked-in syndrome
58
part of brainstem that is adjacent to cervical spinal cord
medulla oblongata
59
cranial nerve III
oculomotor
60
cranial nerve I
olfactory
61
cranial nerve II
optic
62
part of brainstem between midbrain and medulla oblongata
pons
63
network of neurons located in brainstem that extends into diencephalon; controls sleeping and waking and conscious awareness
reticular formation
64
cranial nerve XI
spinal accessory
65
region in medulla oblongata that produces dopamine and has many connections to basal ganglia in the cerebrum; named for its dark appearance in a sectioned brain
substantia nigra
66
cranial nerve V
trigeminal
67
cranial nerve X
vagus
68
part of inner ear that contains sensory receptors for head position and movement; consists of three semicircular canals and two otolithic organs
vestibular apparatus
69
small brainstem structures that receive input from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear and connect to the cerebellum, motor cortex, and spinal cord
vestibular nuclei
70
cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear
71
innervates lateral rectus (extraocular) muscle
abducens nerve
72
innervates muscles of facial expression as well as taste buds, salivary glands, and lacrimal (tear) glands
facial nerve
73
innervates pharynx and palate as well as the parotid salivary gland
glossopharyngeal nerve
74
innervates muscles of the tongue
hypoglossal nerve
75
innervates extraocular muscles as well as smooth muscle located in the eye
oculomotor nerve
76
neurons that convey sense of smell to the brain
olfactory nerve
77
innervates visual receptors in the eye
optic nerve
78
controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
spinal accessory nerve
79
innervates muscles of jaw (mastication) and provides sensory innervation to the face, tongue, teeth and palate
trigeminal nerve
80
innervates superior oblique extraocular muscle
trochlear nerve
81
innervates muscles of pharynx and larynx and provides parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thorax and abdomen
vagus nerve
82
conveys sensations of hearing and balance to the brain
vestibulocochlear nerve
83
spinal cord injury in which the anterior portion of the cord is damaged leaving posterior regions intact; dorsal columns are usually unaffected
anterior cord syndrome
84
descending tract found in anterior spinal cord white matter; controls muscles of neck and shoulder
anterior corticospinal tract
85
ascending tract located in anterior spinal cord white matter; conveys light touch and pressure sensations to the brain
anterior spinothalamic tract
86
bundles of axons located in spinal cord white matter that carry sensory action potentials to the brain
ascending tracts
87
extension and abduction of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked; normal in children under age 2 and evidence of upper motor neuron damage in adults
Babinski sign
88
spinal cord injury in which one side of the cord is damaged
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
89
motor and sensory nerve roots from lumbar and sacral spinal cord found inside sacral portion of vertebral column
cauda equina
90
spinal cord injury in which the central portion of the cord is damaged leaving peripheral regions intact; typically affects upper extremities more than lower extremities
central cord syndrome
91
a series of rapid, rhythmic alternating movements seen after spinal cord injury
clonus
92
damage to spinal cord that produces loss of anal sensation and loss of anal sphincter contraction
complete spinal cord injury
93
bundles of axons located in spinal cord white matter that carry motor action potentials from the brain to control muscle function
descending tracts
94
ascending tract found in posterior spinal cord white matter; conveys conscious proprioception, vibration, and two-point discriminative touch to the brain
dorsal columns
95
portion of spinal cord grey matter that receives sensory axons from peripheral nerves
dorsal (posterior) horn
96
region in center of spinal cord that contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites
grey matter
97
paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplegia
98
damage to spinal cord where either anal sensation or anal sphincter contraction are retained
incomplete spinal cord injury
99
excessive tone in skeletal muscle; evidence of spinal cord injury
hypertonicity
100
descending bundle of axons conveying motor signals from primary motor cortex to spinal cord; contains upper motor neurons that control voluntary movement
lateral corticospinal tract
101
regions in center of spinal cord that contain neuron cell bodies for autonomic motor neurons; found at spinal cord levels T1-L2 and S2-S4
lateral horn
102
ascending tract in lateral spinal cord white matter that conveys pain and temperature sensations to the brain
lateral spinothalamic tract
103
a nerve cell that forms a synapse with skeletal muscle and is part of a peripheral nerve (cranial or spinal nerve)
lower motor neuron
104
paralysis of one limb
monoplegia
105
loss of voluntary motor function
paralysis
106
paralysis of both lower extremities
paraplegia
107
weakness or partial paralysis of a skeletal muscle
paresis
108
paralysis of all or part of four limbs; also called tetraplegia
quadriplegia
109
descending (motor) tract containing upper motor neurons from brainstem reticular formation that controls posture, gait and muscle tone
reticulospinal tract
110
the ability to perceive anal sensation or contract the anal sphincter voluntarily; evidence of an incomplete spinal cord injury
sacral sparing
111
exaggerated skeletal muscle contractions in response to muscle stretch or other sensory stimuli
spasticity
112
thirty regions of the spinal cord that correspond to vertebrae of the spinal column; each segment gives rise to paired spinal nerves
spinal cord segments
113
three layers of connective tissues that surround and protect the spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
spinal meninges
114
peripheral nerves that arise from the spinal cord and provide sensory, voluntary motor, and autonomic innervation to the body
spinal nerves
115
two- to four- week period following traumatic spinal cord injury during which all sensory and motor function below the area of injury ceases
spinal cord shock
116
axons in the spinal cord that convey unconscious proprioception (muscle length and tension) to the cerebellum
spinocerebellar tracts
117
chronic compression of spinal cord caused by bony growths inside the vertebral column
spondylosis
118
paralysis of all four limbs; also called quadriplegia
tetraplegia
119
region of spinal cord grey matter that contains voluntary lower motor neuron cell bodies
ventral (anterior) horn
120
spine; consists of vertebrae that surround and protect the spinal cord; divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions
vertebral column
121
descending (motor) tracts containing upper motor neurons from brainstem vestibular nuclei that control muscles used for balance and the extraocular muscles
vestibulospinal tracts
122
axons covered with myelin; forms inner layer of brain and outer region of spinal cord
white matter
