Chapters 5 and 6

Question 1

Independent Variable

Answer 1

variable that you manipulate to see effect on DV

Question 2

Dependent Variable

Answer 2

outcome behavior; measured outcome of experiment

Question 3

Extraneous Variables

Answer 3

Variables that can’t be controlled

Question 4

Confounding variables

Answer 4

Extraneous variables that covaries with the independent variable that could provide alternative explanations for results

Question 5

Manipulated variable

Answer 5

Researchers place participants into conditions

Question 6

Subject variable

Answer 6

Participants are in condition due to pre-existing condition or self-selected into

Question 7

Statistical conclusion validity

Answer 7

Extent to which a researcher uses stats properly and draws appropriate conclusions from statistical analysis

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

How will a test actually measures what is supposed to measure; accuracy

Question 9

Construct validity

Answer 9

Adequacy of operational definition

Question 10

External validity

Answer 10

Generalizability; degree to which research findings generate beyond specific context of experiment being conducted.

Ex) other populations

Question 11

Internal validity

Answer 11

Methodologically sound; Able to show changes in independent variable causes changes in dependent variable

Question 12

As Internal validity increases external validity decreases

As external validity increases internal validity decreases

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Threats to internal validity

Answer 13

Any conn found such as history or maturation

Question 14

History

Answer 14

Some event occurs between pre-and post test that causes large changes unrelated to treatment progression

Question 15

Maturation

Answer 15

Producing developmental changes

Question 16

Regression to the mean

Answer 16

Extreme scores by chance on first measurement move closer to the average when measured a second time

Question 17

Testing & instrumentation

Answer 17

If pretest and posttest are the same pretest could affect post if you try a different measurement for a post test you may not be measuring the same thing

Question 18

Selection

Answer 18

Different selective processes for experiment and control group

Question 19

Selection by maturation

Answer 19

group matures at different times

Question 20

Selection by history

Answer 20

One event happens to one group but not the other

Question 21

Attrition

Answer 21

People who don’t come back; people who remain might be different than the larger group

Question 22

Between subject design

Answer 22

Different participants in each condition

Question 23

When to use between subject design

Answer 23

Subject variables. Being in one condition negates possibility of being in the other condition

Question 24

How to create equivalent groups for between subject design

Answer 24

• Random equal chance assignment: participants have an equal chance of being placed in a condition
• Matching/random assignment: pre-test on variable Interest, organize scores in order, matched gets assigned number

Question 25

Within subject design (repeated measures )

Answer 25

Same participants in each condition

Question 26

Advantages of within subject design

Answer 26

Fewer participants equals greater power because same subject variables are repeated

Question 27

Disadvantages of within subject design

Answer 27

- increases length of time participants in the study (fatigue) - Order or sequence: once participant finishes one part of the study it could affect the other part of the study

Question 28

Progressive effects

Answer 28

Order doesn’t matter Ex) fatigue 

Question 29

Carryover effects

Answer 29

Having condition a over condition b is different than having condition b then condition a

Question 30

 Counterbalancing

Answer 30

Designed to control sequence effects; multiple people do the conditions in different orders

Question 31

Complete counterbalance

Answer 31

All possible orders are given

Question 32

Partial counterbalance

Answer 32

Each condition occurs in each position an equal amount of times

Question 33

Reverse counterbalance

Answer 33

Condition given in one order than the reverse

Question 34

Issues with counterbalancing

Answer 34

Hard to illuminate fatigue completely; assumes progressive effect and not order effect

Question 35

Cross Sectional study

Answer 35

Between subjects design; compares people at different developmental points and measures each group once

Question 36

Cohort effect

Answer 36

Provides alternate explanations for differences in between groups

Question 37

Longitudinal study

Answer 37

Within subjects design; group measured multiple times over developmental period 

Question 38

Cohort sequential design

Answer 38

One group measured in certain range another group measured where first group left off

Question 39

experimenter bias

Answer 39

the experimenter might do something to sway the participant to act a certain way

Question 40

Demand characteristic

Answer 40

if participant finds out hypothesis they may act a certain way to confirm it

Question 41

Eval. apprehension

Answer 41

participants want to have good eval. so they attempt to behave in a way to get good eval

Question 42

social desirability bias

Answer 42

people want to be socially acceptable