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Research methods > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Using logic and reason to come to knowledge involves using which of the following:

A

Rationalization

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2
Q

Identifying the cause of a relationship between two variables meets which goal of human behavioral research?

A

Explaining behavior

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3
Q

Identify two circumstances under which would not need to obtain informed consent

A

Archival data and for class observation or demonstration purposes

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4
Q

What to goal should be accomplished with a debriefing

A

Dehoaxing: revealing hypothesis and any deception

Densensitizing: improving mood or other aspects

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5
Q

Which of the following is true about falsified data

A

 it might go undetected if it is consistent with results from other laboratories

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6
Q

Compared to laboratory research what is the advantage of field research?

A

There is a greater degree of mundane realism

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7
Q

Which of the following is the best example of converging operations

A

Several studies use different operational definitions of aggression yet produce the same basic results

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8
Q

Can you show causation with a subject variable?

A

No, because there are too many differences in between groups

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9
Q

acceptance of facts because the person is highly respected

A

authority

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10
Q

coming to direct knolwedge without reasoning

A

intuition

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11
Q

unquestioning faith in the truth of some matter held due to fear of uncertainty

A

tenacity

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12
Q

use of discourse and logic

A

Rationalization

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13
Q

learning through experience
basis of the scientific method

A

Empiricism

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14
Q

Attributes of Scientific Thinking

A

Determinism
Systematic Observations
Public Knowledge
Objectivity
Data Based Conclusions
Tentative Conclusions
Answerable Questions

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15
Q

all events have causes

A

determinism

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16
Q

aspects of this attribute include:
- precise definitions
- reliable and valid measuring tools
- accepted methodology
- systems of logic for drawing conclusions

A

systematic observation

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17
Q

Moving knowledge into the public sphere objectively

A

public knowledge

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18
Q

observation that’s verified by more than one observer

A

objectivity

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19
Q

conclusions about human behavior that can be supported by evidence gathered through systematic procedure

A

Data Based Conclusion

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20
Q

conclusions that are subject to revision or change based on future research

A

Tentative Conclusions

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21
Q

questions that can be answered using the scientific method

A

Empirical Questions

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22
Q

T/F
theories can’t be proven only can provide support for a claim

A

True

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23
Q

any field that seems to use the scientific method but is based on inadequate unscientific methods

A

Pseudoscience

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24
Q

-associates with true science
- anecdotal evidence
- avoids falsification requirements
- oversimplifies

A

Ways to identify pseudoscience

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25
- describe behavior - predict behavior - explain behavior - correctly apply findings about behavior
Role of research in psych
26
- develop theory & hypothesis - designing studies - collect data - analyze data - communicate the research results
Research process
27
standards governing the conduct of a person or members of a profession
Ethics
28
researchers must weigh the costs and benefits of the research they want to conduct in order to benefit society and not harm others
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
29
researchers must be aware that they represent the field and they must exemplify the highest standard
fidelity and responsibility
30
honesty in research
integrity
31
researchers must safeguard confidentiality and protect the rights of volunteer
respect for people's rights
32
Should contain as few participant costs as possible
Human research
33
Weigh costs for researchers // protect participants and researchers. Reviews study and offer suggestions and questions
IRB (Int. Review Board)
34
Ability to be informed
True Volunteers
35
No longer able to make their own decisions Examples: Children Special needs Elderly Incarcerated
Special Populations
36
When you don't need consent
If observation is completely public behavior Anonymous questionnaire Archival data Class demonstration purposes Employment related activities
37
Basic research
fundamentals of the field
38
Applied research
solves real world problems
39
Lab research
- can control environment// high control// less generalizability - less mundane realism - easier to be ethical
40
Field research
- matches everyday life// less control// more generalizability - more mundane realism - grey area in consent
41
Quantitative Data
numerical data
42
qualitative data
verbal summaries
43
Empirical questions
Questions that can be measured in some way
44
Operational definition
a concept that's defined by the researcher that will be measured
45
Converging operations
studies using different operational definitions converge on a common conclusion
46
Theory
logically consistent statements about behavioral phenomenon
47
Good theories...
- productivity: generate new research - falsification: attempt to disprove - parsimony: remain simple
48
Convenience sample
who happen to be most accessible to the researcher
49
non-probability sampling
individuals are selected based on non-random criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included
50
Random sampling
every member of the pop. has some definable probability of be selected for the sample
51
population
group of something researcher is interested in
52
sample
group that is representative of the population which the researcher experiments on
53
Stratified sample
dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important ways where one samples specific proportions of individuals from various subpopulations (strata) in the larger population
54
Cluster sample
you divide a population into clusters, then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample
55
Reliability
lack of measurement error repeatability & consistency in measurement
56
Measurement error
affects performance
57
systemic error
make same mistake every time
58
Ways to measure reliability
test-retest alt forms split half
59
Validity
measuring what we intend to measure
60
Content validity
whether the test or assessment measures what it is supposed to
61
Criterion validity
whether measurement is related to some behavior est by prior research
62
Construct validity
Adequacy of operational definition
63
Relationship between reliability and validity
Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. A reliable measurement is not always valid A valid measurement is usually reliable
64
nominal scale
number assignment indicates a catergory 0=women 1=men
65
interval scale
equal intervals between events no zero point temperature time through years
66
ordinal
rankings, in order indicating more or less of something 1st, 2nd, 3rd
67
ratio scale
whatever your measure contains a zero point age stopwatch time
68
Descriptive statistics
description of what the sample is
69
Frequency
of times scores occur
70
Which measure of central tendency is preferred
Mean; because it contains all the values
71
Variability
how spread the data is
72
Histogram
frequency distribution
73
Inferential statisitcs
Allows us to make generalizations from sample to population
74
Null Hypothesis
here is no relationship between the two variables being studied No difference
75
Alternative Hypothesis
states that there is a relationship between the two variables being studied found difference
76
Type 1 error
occurs when a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis findings are significant when in fact they have occurred by chance.
77
Type 2 error
occurs when a researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis which is really false researcher concludes there is not a significant effect, when actually there really is
78
Systemic error
identifiable factor that wasnt controlled properly
79
Error variance
Non systematic variability due to individual difference
80
Power
prob of rejecting hypothesis when it is false

Research methods (7 decks)

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