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BI302 > Chapters 7-12 > Flashcards

Chapters 7-12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is broad sense heritability

A

the proportion of the total phenotypic variance of a trait that is attributible to genetic variance, where variance is represented in its entirety as a single value

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2
Q

what is narrow sense heritability

A

the proportion of the totoal phenotypic variance of a trait attributile to the additive effects of alleles. the component of variance that causes offspring to resemble their parents

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3
Q

what is directional selection

A

favors individuals at one end of a trait distribution, ie. animals with a smaller body size

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4
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

favors individuals with a trait near the population mean

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5
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

favor individuals at either end of the distribution

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6
Q

what is artificial selection

A

results from human activity; when breeders nonrandomly choose individuals with economically favorable traits to use as breeding stock

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7
Q

what is gene flow

A

the movement, or migration of alleles from one population to another

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8
Q

what is aposematism

A

an antipredator strategy used by a potential prey item to isgnal danger or a lack of palatability. eg. coloration, the coloration of prey that are potentially dangerous can act as a deterrent to potential predators

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9
Q

what are extended phenotypes

A

structures constructed by organisms that can influence their performance or success. ex. nests constructed by birds

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10
Q

what is genetic linkage

A

the physical proximity of alleles at different loci

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11
Q

what is a selective sweep

A

describes the situation in which strong selection can “sweep” a favorable allele to fixation within a population so fast that there is little opportunity for recombination

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12
Q

what is an ortholog

A

homologous genes separated by a speciation event

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13
Q

what is coalescence

A

the process by which looking back through time, the genealogy of any pair of homologous genes merges in a common ancestor

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14
Q

what are paralogs

A

homologous genes that arise by gene duplication, paralogs together form a gene family

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15
Q

what is a gene tree

A

refers to the branched genealogical lineage of homologus alleles that traces their evolution back to an ancestral allele

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16
Q

what is maximum parsimony

A

a statistical method for reconstructing phylogenies that identifies the tree topology that minimizes the amount the change

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17
Q

what is purifying selection (or negative selection)

A

removes deleterious alleles from a population, form of stabilizing selection

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18
Q

every phylogenetic tree is a _______

A

hypotheiss

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19
Q

what are synonymous substitutions

A

substitutions that do not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein

20
Q

what are non-synonymous substituions

A

substitutions that alter the amino acid sequence of a portien

21
Q

what is a molecular clock

A

a method used to determine time based on base-pair substitutions

22
Q

what is the neutral theory

A

desribes the pattern of nucleotide sequence evolution under the forces of mutation and genetic drift and in the abscence of selection.
it predicts that neutral mutations will yield nucleotide substituions at a rate equivalent to the rate of mutation, regardless of size population

23
Q

what are novel traits

A

traits that are not inherited by an ancestor

24
Q

what is antagonistic pleiotropy

A

the condition that occurs when a mutation with beneficial effects for one trait also causes detrimental effects on another trait

25
Q

what is parallel evolution

A

refers the the independent evolution of simialr straits, starting from a similar ancestral condition

26
Q

what is deep homology

A

condition that occurs when the growth and development of traits in different lineages result from underlying genetic mechanisms

27
Q

what are hermaphrodites

A

individuals that produce both male and female gameteds

28
Q

what is the twofold cost of sex

A

the disadvantages of being a sexual rather than an asexual organism

29
Q

what are two advantages and disadvantages of sex

A 
advantages:
-combining beneficial mutations
-faster evolution
-clearance of deleterious mutations
-generation of novel genotypes
disadvantages:
-males themselves cannot produce offspring
-males and females must locate each other in order to mate
-reduce relatedness
-risk of stds
30
Q

what is mullers ratchet

A

describes the process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversable manner

31
Q

what is the red queen effect

A

decribes a phenomenon seen in coevolving populations- to maintain relative fitness, each population must constatnly adapt to one anothe

32
Q

what is anisogany

A

refers to sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two disimilar gametes; individuals producing the larger gamete (egg) are defined as female and the smaller as male

33
Q

what is fecundity

A

the reproductive capacity of an individual, ex. number and quality of eggs or sperm

34
Q

what is an operational sex ratio

A

the raio of male to female individuals who are available for reproducing at any given time

35
Q

what is intersexual selection

A

occurs when members of the limiting sex (generally females) actively discriminate among suitors of the less limited sex

36
Q

what is intrasexual selection

A

members of the less limiting sex (usually males) compete with each other over reproductive access to the limiting sex

37
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

a difference in form between males and females of a species, including colour, body size, etc

38
Q

what is a direct benefit

A

benefits that affect a particular female directly, such as food, nest sites, or protection

39
Q

what are indirect benefits

A

benefits that affect the genetic quality of a particular females offspring

40
Q

what is monogamy

A

a mating system in which one male pairs with one female

41
Q

what is polygyny

A

a mating system where males mate with multiple females

42
Q

what is polyandry

A

a mating system where females with multiple males

43
Q

what is cryptic female choice

A

a form of sexual selection that arises after mating, when females store and separate sperm and bias which sperm they will use to fertilize their eggs

44
Q

what is sexual conflict

A

the evolution of phenotypic characteristics that confer a fitness benefit to one sex but a cost to the other sex

45
Q

which sex generally benefits more from parental care of offspring

A

females

46
Q

what is genomic imprinting

A

occurs when genes inherited from one parent are silenced due to methylation

47
Q

what is senescence

A

refers to hte deterioration in the biological function of an organsim as it ages

BI302 (3 decks)

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