Chapters 7,8,9,10,11

Question 1

Social Smile

Answer 1

a smile evoked by a human face, evident in infants 6 weeks after birth

Question 2

stanger wariness

Answer 2

an infants expression of conserne– a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness– when a stranger appears

Question 3

seperation anxiety

Answer 3

infant’s distress when a familiar care giver leaves, most obvious between 9 & 14 mos

Question 4

Self-Awareness

Answer 4

a person’s realizeation that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind and actions ares separate from those of other people

Question 5

temperment

Answer 5

inbor differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation. temperment is epigenetic, priginating in genes but affected by child rearing practices

Question 6

goodness of fit

Answer 6

a similarity of temperment and values that produces a smooth interation between an individual and his/her social context, including family, school and community

Question 7

big 5

Answer 7

the 5 basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout life: openess, consceintiousness extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism

Question 8

trust vs. mistrust

Answer 8

erikson’s first psychological crisis. infants learn basic trust if their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met

Question 9

autonomy vs shame/ doubt

Answer 9

erikson’s 2nd crisis of psychosocial development. toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies.

Question 10

social learning

Answer 10

learning that is accomplished by observing others

Question 11

ethnotheory

Answer 11

a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture

Question 12

proximal parenting

Answer 12

caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching

Question 13

distal parenting

Answer 13

caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food and face to face communication with minimal holding and touching

Question 14

synchrony

Answer 14

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

Question 15

still face technique

Answer 15

an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-fave interation with an infant

Question 16

attachment

Answer 16

according to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver– a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time

Question 17

secure attachment

Answer 17

relationship (type B) in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of their caregiver

Question 18

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 18

a pattern of attachment (type A) in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, a when the infant seems not to care about the caregriver’s presence, departure or return.

Question 19

insecure-resistant/ ambivalent attachment

Answer 19

a pattern of attachment (type C) in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion

Question 20

disorganized attachment

Answer 20

a type of attachment (type D) that is marked by an infant’s inconsistant reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.

Question 21

strange situation

Answer 21

a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to stress in 8 episodes of 3 minutes each

Question 22

social referencing

Answer 22

seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reations. that other person becomes a social reference

Question 23

family day care

Answer 23

child care that coccurs in the home of someone to whom the child is not related and who usually cares for several children of various ages

Question 24

center day care

Answer 24

child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. Children are usually grouped by age, the day care center is licened and providers are trained and certified in child development

Question 25

myelination

Answer 25

process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

Question 26

corpus callosum

Answer 26

long thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them

Question 27

lateralization

Answer 27

literally, sideness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. leftside of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa

Question 28

preservation

Answer 28

tendency to preserve in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time

Question 29

amygdala

Answer 29

tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety

Question 30

hippocampus

Answer 30

a brainstructure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations

Question 31

hypothalamus

Answer 31

brain area that responds to the amygdala an the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body

Question 32

injury control/ harm reduction

Answer 32

practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place

Question 33

primary prevention

Answer 33

actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted even or circumstance such as injury, disease or abuse

Question 34

secondary prevention

Answer 34

actions that avert harm in high-risk situation, suchas stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian

Question 35

tertiary pervention

Answer 35

actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illnedd or injury) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability

Question 36

child maltreatment

Answer 36

intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age

Question 37

child abuse

Answer 37

deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

Question 38

child neglect

Answer 38

failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

Question 39

reported maltreatment

Answer 39

harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities

Question 40

substantiated maltreatment

Answer 40

harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified

Question 41

permanency planning

Answer 41

an effort by child welfare authorities to find a long term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child

Question 42

foster care

Answer 42

legal publicly supported system in which a maltreated childs removed from the parents' custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child's needs

Question 43

kinship care

Answer 43

form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a gradparent, becomes the approved caregiver.

Question 44

adoption

Answer 44

a legal proceeding in which an adult or cuple unrelated to a child is granted the joys and obligations of being that child parent

Question 45

preoperational intelligence

Answer 45

piaget'd team for cognitive development between the ages of 2-6; it includes language and imagination (which invlove symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage

Question 46

symoblic thought

Answer 46

a major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence that allows a child to think symboliclly, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen and that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else (in this case, for instance, a country).

Question 47

centration

Answer 47

piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal persepctive

Question 48

egocentrism

Answer 48

piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal persepective

Question 49

focus on appearence

Answer 49

a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent

Question 50

static reasoning

Answer 50

a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. whatever is now has always been and always will be

Question 51

irreversibility

Answer 51

a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. a thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred

Question 52

conservation

Answer 52

the principle that amount of a substance remains the same (i.e. is conserved) even when its appearance changes

Question 53

animism

Answer 53

the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive

Question 54

guided participation

Answer 54

process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

Question 55

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 55

vygotsky's term for the skills-- cognitive as well as physical-- that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently

Question 56

scaffolding

Answer 56

temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helphing the learner master the next task in a given learning process

Question 57

overimitation

Answer 57

when a person imitates and action that is not a relevent pert of the behavior to be learned. overimitation is common among 2-6 year olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient

Question 58

private speech

Answer 58

internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or outloud)

Question 59

social mediation

Answer 59

human interation that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another

Question 60

theory-theory

Answer 60

idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories

Question 61

theory of mind

Answer 61

a person's theory of what other people might be thinking. in order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. that realization sweldom occurs before age 4

Question 62

fast mapping

Answer 62

speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories accordinging to their perceived meaning

Question 63

over regulation

Answer 63

application of rules of grammar even when expectations occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is

Question 64

balanced bilingual

Answer 64

a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other

Question 65

montessori schools

Answer 65

schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of maria montessori, which emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do

Question 66

reggio emilia

Answer 66

a program of early childhood education that originated in the town of reggio emilia, italy, and that encourages each child's creativity in a carefully designed setting

Question 67

head start

Answer 67

federally funded early childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age

Question 68

emotional regulation

Answer 68

ability to control ehwn and how emotions are expressed

Question 69

initiative vs guilt

Answer 69

erikson's 3rd psychosocial crisis , in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succed at them

Question 70

self concept

Answer 70

a person's understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits

Question 71

intrinsic motivation

Answer 71

a drive or reason to purrsue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent

Question 72

extrinsic motivation

Answer 72

a drive or reason to pursue a goal that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material posessions or another person's esteem

Question 73

imaginary friends

Answer 73

make believe friends who exists only in a childs imagination; common from ages 3 through 7 they combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation

Question 74

psychopathology

Answer 74

an illness or disorder of the mind

Question 75

externalizing problems

Answer 75

difficulty with emotional regulation that invoves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts as by lashing out at other people or braking things

Question 76

internalizing problems

Answer 76

difficulty w/ emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed or worthless

Question 77

rough and tumble play

Answer 77

play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting but in which there is no intent to harm

Question 78

sociodramatic play

Answer 78

pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create

Question 79

authoritatrian parenting

Answer 79

approch to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct and little communication

Question 80

permissive parenting

Answer 80

approch to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little disipline, guidance, or control (aka indulgent parenting)

Question 81

authoritative parenting

Answer 81

an approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible

Question 82

neglectful/ uninvolved parenting

Answer 82

approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives

Question 83

empathy

Answer 83

ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own

Question 84

antipathy

Answer 84

feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person

Question 85

prosocial behavior

Answer 85

actions that are helpful and kind but are no obvious benefit to oneself

Question 86

antisocial behavior

Answer 86

actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

Question 87

instrumental aggression

Answer 87

behavior that hurts someone else b/c the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or a priviledge

Question 88

reactive aggression

Answer 88

an impuslive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical

Question 89

relational aggression

Answer 89

nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people

Question 90

bullying aggression

Answer 90

unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves

Question 91

psychlogical control

Answer 91

disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents

Question 92

sex differences

Answer 92

biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones and body type

Question 93

gender differences

Answer 93

differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females that are prescribed by the culture

Question 94

phallic stage

Answer 94

freud's 3rd stage of development, when the penis becomes the focal point of concern and pleasure

Question 95

oedipus complex

Answer 95

unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's romantic love

Question 96

superego

Answer 96

psychoanalytic theory, the judgemental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents

Question 97

electra complex

Answer 97

unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

Question 98

identification

Answer 98

attempt to defends one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else

Question 99

gender schema

Answer 99

a cognitive concept of general belief based on one's experiences-- in this case a child's understanding of sex differneces